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Ethics & Morality quotes for UPSC & State PCS

290 sourced quotes on right and wrong, moral reasoning, conscience and values, each with a use case for GS4, Essay and interviews. Thinkers include Mahatma Gandhi, Swami Vivekananda, Albert Einstein, Seneca the Younger, Immanuel Kant, Leo Tolstoy.

✓ Sourced and attributed · 259 for GS4 · 194 for Essay

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Do a man dirt, yourself you hurt.
— Fyodor DostoyevskyCrime and Punishment (1866)
Use itGS4: wrongdoing harms the wrongdoer too; moral reciprocity and karma.
Hell is paved with good intentions.
— Samuel Johnson(14 April 1775)
Use itGS4: good intentions don't justify bad outcomes; means and consequences matter.
The death of dogma is the birth of morality.
— Immanuel KantAs quoted in Faith Or Fact (1897) by Henry Moorehouse Taber, p. 86
Use itEssay on reason vs dogma; morality flourishes when blind dogma ends.
The time is always right to do what's right.
— Martin Luther King Jr."The Future of Integration", address in Finney Chapel at Oberlin College (22 October 1964), as quoted in "When MLK came to Oberlin" by Cindy
Use itGS4 conclusion: the time is always right to do what is right.
The needs of a society determine its ethics.
— Maya Angelouoften misquoted as "The needs of society determine its ethics", and with less context than the full statement: "The needs of a society deter
Use itGS4: ethics as socially determined; relativism vs universal values.
Society doesn't have values. People have values.
— Milton FriedmanFrom Created Equal, an episode of the PBS Free to Choose television series (1980, vol. 5 transcript)
Use itGS4: values reside in individuals; personal moral responsibility over collective blame.
One that confounds good and evil is an enemy to the good.
— Edmund BurkeSpeech in opening the impeachment of Warren Hastings (18 February 1788), quoted in The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke, Volume th
Use itGS4 on moral relativism: blurring good and evil harms the good.
In matters of conscience, the law of majority has no place.
— Mahatma GandhiYoung India (4 August 1920)
Use itGS4: conscience isn't decided by majority; on moral courage against popular opinion.
Certainly it is correct to say: Conscience is the voice of God.
Use itGS4 on conscience as a source of ethical guidance; inner voice in dilemmas.
No evil can be excused because it is done with a good intention.
— Thomas Aquinas
Use itGS4 on means vs ends: good intentions never excuse evil acts.
Never do anything against conscience even if the state demands it.
— Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein, as quoted by Virgil Henshaw in Albert Einstein: Philosopher Scientist (1949) edited by Paul A. Schilpp
Use itGS4 on crisis of conscience; conscience over unlawful state orders.
I would unite with anybody to do right; and with nobody to do wrong.
— Frederick DouglassLecture, The Anti-Slavery Movement (1855)
Use itGS4/Interview: cooperate for right causes, refuse complicity in wrong, whoever asks.
Always do right. This will gratify some people, and astonish the rest.
— Mark TwainTo the Young People's Society, Greenpoint Presbyterian Church, Brooklyn (16 February 1901)
Use itGS4/Life: always do right, whatever others think.
Non-cooperation with evil is as much a duty as is cooperation with good.
— Mahatma GandhiWritten statement in trial for sedition, March 1922
Use itGS4: refusing to cooperate with wrongdoing is a duty; whistleblowing and ethical refusal.
If you dig a pit for others to fall into, you will fall into it yourself.
— RumiI, 1311 (tr. Helminski, 1990)
Use itGS4: ill intentions rebound on the wrongdoer; karma-like consequences.
I decline utterly to be impartial as between the fire brigade and the fire.
— Winston ChurchillSpeech in the House of Commons, July 7, 1926 "Emergency Services", responding to criticism that he edited the British Gazette in a biased ma
Use itGS4: impartiality has limits; neutrality between right and wrong is not ethical.
Tell him to live by yes and no — yes to everything good, no to everything bad.
— William JamesAs quoted in The Thought and Character of William James (1935) by Ralph Barton Perry, Vol. II, ch. 91
Use itGS4/Life: moral clarity; yes to good, no to bad.
The more you obey your conscience, the more your conscience will demand of you.
— C. S. LewisBook IV, Chapter 8, "Is Christianity Hard or Easy?"
Use itGS4: explain conscience as an inner voice that grows sharper with practice; use in conscience-vs-law answers.
Any action that is dictated by fear or by coercion of any kind ceases to be moral.
— Mahatma GandhiEthical Religion, S. Ganesan, Madras (1922) p. 8
Use itGS4: morality requires free will; actions under fear or coercion aren't moral.
Wickedness is always easier than virtue; for it takes the short cut to everything.
— Samuel Johnson(17 September 1773)
Use itGS4: ethical path is harder; wrongdoing always offers shortcuts.
Men of most renowned virtue have sometimes by transgressing most truly kept the law.
— John MiltonTetrachordon (1644–1645)
Use itGS4: letter vs spirit of law; civil disobedience can uphold deeper justice.
The fault of the utilitarian doctrine is that it mistakes impersonality for impartiality.
Use itGS4: critique utilitarianism; aggregate welfare ignores individual rights.
Society has always to demand a little more from human beings than it will get in practice.
— George Orwell"The Art of Donald McGill" (1941)
Use itGS4: ethical codes must aim high even if practice falls short; idealism in norms.
You do ill if you praise, and still worse if you reprove in a matter you do not understand.
— Leonardo da VinciThe Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci (1883) / XIX Philosophical Maxims. Morals. Polemics and Speculations
Use itGS4: judge only what you understand; caution against uninformed praise or criticism.
Men use thought only to justify their wrongdoings, and speech only to conceal their thoughts.
Use itGS4: on rationalisation; people misuse reason to justify wrongdoing.
Selfishness is not living as one wishes to live, it is asking others to live as one wishes to live.
— Oscar WildeThe Soul of Man Under Socialism (1891)
Use itGS4: selfishness is imposing your way of life on others; tolerance.
We are much beholden to Machiavel and others, that write what men do, and not what they ought to do.
Use itGS4: contrast realpolitik (what is) with normative ethics (what ought to be).
If I do an evil action, I must suffer for it; there is no power in this universe to stop or stay it.
— Swami VivekanandaSwâmi Vivekânanda on Râja Yoga (1899), Ch. VI : Pratyâhâra and Dhâraṇâ
Use itGS4 on consequences: wrong actions inevitably return; law of karma in ethics.
Do not wait for the Last Judgment. It takes place every day. 18px|frameless QOTD 2007·11·07 Sound file
Use itGS4: our conduct is judged every day, not at some distant reckoning.
Lasting change is a series of compromises. And compromise is alright, as long your values don't change.
— Jane GoodallSubject: Jane Goodall, primatologist and conservationist, interviewed at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002)
Use itGS4: compromise in methods is fine as long as core values stay firm.
It is not because men's desires are strong that they act ill; it is because their consciences are weak.
— John Stuart MillOn Liberty (1859)
Use itGS4: wrongdoing stems from weak conscience, not strong desire; strengthen moral compass.
One should never do wrong in return, nor mistreat any man, no matter how one has been mistreated by him.
— SocratesPlato, Crito 49c–d (translated by G.M.A. Grube)
Use itGS4: never retaliate wrong for wrong.
To cease from evil, to do good, and to purify the mind yourself, this is the teaching of all the Buddhas.
— Gautama BuddhaCh. 14, Verse 183
Use itGS4: simple ethical code—avoid evil, do good, purify the mind.
It is not, what a lawyer tells me I may do; but what humanity, reason, and justice, tell me I ought to do.
— Edmund BurkeSecond Speech on Conciliation with America (1775)
Use itGS4: legality vs morality; do what humanity and justice demand, not just what law permits.
A man who knows the price of everything and the value of nothing. [Answering the question, what is a cynic?]
— Oscar WildeLord Darlington, Act III
Use itEssay on materialism: knowing the price of everything, the value of nothing.
All men are liable to error; and most men are, in many points, by passion or interest, under temptation to it.
Use itGS4 on conflict of interest; passion and self-interest tempt all to error.
Let us be dissatisfied until America will no longer have a high blood pressure of creeds and an anemia of deeds.
— Martin Luther King Jr.Let us be dissatisfied until the tragic walls that separate the outer city of wealth and comfort from the inner city of poverty and despair
Use itEssay on implementation gap: too many creeds, too few deeds.
To avoid all evil, to cultivate good, and to cleanse one's mind — this is the teaching of the Buddhas. (Verse 183)
— DhammapadaTranslator: Acharya Buddharakkhita
Use itGS4: Buddha's summary ethic - avoid evil, do good, purify mind.
There is a higher court than courts of justice and that is the court of conscience. It supersedes all other courts.
— Mahatma GandhiYoung India (15 December 1921)
Use itGS4: conscience is a higher court than law; on law vs morality dilemmas.
The sum of the whole matter is this, that our civilization cannot survive materially unless it be redeemed spiritually.
— Woodrow Wilson“The Road Away from Revolution”, Atlantic Monthly 132:146 (August 1923). Reprinted in PWW 68:395
Use itEssay: material progress needs spiritual and moral grounding.
We are all ready to be savage in some cause. The difference between a good man and a bad one is the choice of the cause.
— William JamesLetter to E.L. Godkin (24 December 1895)
Use itGS4/Essay on radicalisation; zeal is universal, the cause chosen separates good from bad.
I have gained this by philosophy ... I do without being ordered what some are constrained to do by their fear of the law.
— AristotleThe Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers
Use itGS4 on internalised ethics; doing right without fear of law.
It is easier to discover a deficiency in individuals, in states, and in providence, than to see their real import or value.
— Georg Wilhelm Friedrich HegelLectures on the Philosophy of World History (1832) / Volume 1
Use itGS4/Life: fault-finding is easy; appreciating real worth needs deeper understanding.
If to do were as easy as to know what were good to do, chapels had been churches, and poor men’s cottages princes’ palaces.
— William ShakespearePortia, Act I, scene ii
Use itGS4: gap between knowing good and doing good; implementation of ethics.
Morality is not properly the doctrine of how we may make ourselves happy, but how we may make ourselves worthy of happiness.
— Immanuel KantCritique of Practical Reason (1788)
Use itGS4: morality is about becoming worthy of happiness, not chasing it.
All the greatest things are simple, and many can be expressed in a single word: Freedom; Justice; Honour; Duty; Mercy; Hope.
— Winston ChurchillUnited Europe Meeting, Albert Hall, London (May 14, 1947). Cited in Churchill by Himself, ed. Langworth, PublicAffairs (2008), p. 26
Use itGS4/Essay intro: the greatest values are simple—freedom, justice, duty, mercy.
Physiological experiment on animals is justifiable for real investigation; but not for mere damnable and detestable curiosity.
— Charles Darwinletter to E. Ray Lankester, quoted in his essay "Charles Robert Darwin" in C.D. Warner, editor, Library of the World's Best Literature: Anci
Use itGS4 case study on animal testing; justified only for genuine research, never mere curiosity.
The sad truth of the matter is that most evil is done by people who never made up their minds to be or do either evil or good.
— Hannah ArendtThe Life of the Mind (1978), "Thinking"
Use itGS4 on banality of evil: most harm comes from thoughtless indifference, not intent.
Thus I have explained to you the most confidential of all knowledge. Deliberate on this fully, and then do what you wish to do.
— Bhagavad GitaChapter 18, verse 63; trans. A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda
Use itGS4 on autonomy: offer knowledge, then let people deliberate and choose freely.
Greed is a bottomless pit which exhausts the person in an endless effort to satisfy the need without ever reaching satisfaction.
Use itGS4: explain greed as root of corruption and insatiable desire; essay on need versus greed.
The only real, dignified, human doctrine is the greatest good of all, and this can only be achieved by uttermost self-sacrifice.
— Mahatma GandhiAdapted from Hind Swaraj, 1909, Chapter 17: Summary, in The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, Vol. 10, pp. 83–84
Use itGS4 on Sarvodaya; greatest good of all through self-sacrifice, contrast with utilitarianism.
If the world is to change for the better it must start with a change in human consciousness, in the very humanness of modern man.
— Václav HavelCh. 1 : Growing Up "Outside", p. 11
Use itEssay conclusion: real change begins in human consciousness.
Act so as to treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, at all times also as an end, and not only as a means.
Use itGS4: treat citizens as ends not means; dignity in welfare delivery or business ethics.
You have just dined, and however scrupulously the slaughterhouse is concealed in the graceful distance of miles, there is complicity.
Use itGS4 on consumer complicity; distance from harm doesn't remove moral responsibility.
The measure of action is the sentiment from which it proceeds. The greatest action may easily be one of the most private circumstance.
— Ralph Waldo EmersonGoethe; or, The Writer
Use itGS4 on motive vs consequence; judge action by the intention behind it.
Friends, I will disown and repudiate any man of my party who attacks with such foul slander and abuse any opponent of any other party.
— Theodore RooseveltAddress at Milwaukee, Wisconsin (1912)
Use itGS4 on political ethics: repudiate slander of opponents even within your party.
We have the wolf by the ears, and we can neither hold him nor safely let him go. Justice is in one scale, self-preservation in the other.
— Thomas JeffersonOn slavery, in a letter to John Holmes (22 April 1820)
Use itGS4 on dilemmas: justice versus self-preservation, holding a wolf by the ears.
On the occasion of every act ask thyself, How is this with respect to me? Shall I repent of it? A little time and I am dead, and all is gone.
— Marcus AureliusVIII, 2
Use itGS4: ethical test before acting—will I regret this?
Animals are the main victims of history, and the treatment of domesticated animals in industrial farms is perhaps the worst crime in history.
— Yuval Noah HarariIntroduction to Animal Liberation (2015)
Use itGS4/Essay on animal welfare; industrial farming as history's worst crime.
Whilst shame keeps its watch, virtue is not wholly extinguished in the heart; nor will moderation be utterly exiled from the minds of tyrants.
— Edmund BurkeReflections on the Revolution in France (1790)
Use itGS4: a sense of shame preserves virtue and restrains even tyrants.
In judging policies we should consider the results that have been achieved through them rather than the means by which they have been executed.
— Niccolò MachiavelliFrom an undated letter to Piero Soderini (translated here by Dr. Arthur Livingston), in The Living Thoughts of Machiavelli, by Count Carlo S
Use itGS4: ends vs means debate — Machiavelli's consequentialism, to contrast with Gandhi.
He who fights with monsters might take care lest he thereby become a monster. And when you gaze long into an abyss the abyss also gazes into you.
Use itGS4/GS2: those fighting terror or crime must not adopt illegal means; ends vs means.
Watch the too indignantly righteous. Before long you will find them committing or condoning the very offence which they have so fiercely censured.
— Sri AurobindoThoughts and Aphorisms (1913) / Karma
Use itGS4: beware moral grandstanding; zealous critics often condone the same wrongs.
If money help a man to do good to others, it is of some value; but if not, it is simply a mass of evil, and the sooner it is got rid of, the better.
— Swami VivekanandaPearls of Wisdom
Use itGS4 on wealth ethics: money is valuable only if it serves others.
There is nothing at all in the world that one can think of, or even out of it, that can be held good without qualification, except a good will. (Ch. 1)
Use itGS4: Kant on good will; intention as the only unconditional good.
The salvation of this human world lies nowhere else than in the human heart, in the human power to reflect, in human meekness and human responsibility.
— Václav HavelInternational Herald Tribune (21 February 1990)
Use itGS4/Essay conclusion: solutions lie in human reflection, humility and responsibility.
Are you unselfish? That is the question. If you are, you will be perfect without reading a single religious book, without going into a single church or temple.
— Swami VivekanandaPearls of Wisdom
Use itGS4: ethics over ritual — unselfishness matters more than scriptures or temples.
Even a purely moral act that has no hope of any immediate and visible political effect can gradually and indirectly, over time, gain in political significance.
— Václav HavelLetter to the downthrown Czechoslovak Communist Party chairman Alexander Dubček (August 1969), as translated in Disturbing the Peace (1986),
Use itGS4: on moral courage; a principled act matters even without immediate political payoff.
Know that all this, whatever moves in this moving world, is enveloped by God. Therefore find your enjoyment in renunciation; do not covet what belongs to others.
— UpanishadsIshavasya Upanishad
Use itGS4/Essay: Isha Upanishad — enjoy through renunciation; covet not others' wealth.
There is … only a single categorical imperative and it is this: Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.
Use itGS4 case study: test a decision by asking if it could become a universal rule.
We are firm believers in the maxim that for all right judgment of any man or thing it is useful, nay, essential, to see his good qualities before pronouncing on his bad.
— Thomas CarlyleGoethe
Use itGS4 on fair judgement: see good qualities before judging the bad.
The sense of mercy is found in all men; the sense of shame is found in all men; the sense of respect is found in all men; the sense of right and wrong is found in all men.
Use itGS4: innate moral sense in all humans; Mencian goodness of human nature.
Since you cannot do good to all, you are to pay special regard to those who, by the accidents of time, or place, or circumstance, are brought into closer connection with you.
Use itGS4 on partiality vs impartiality: prioritising those closest when you cannot help all.
The infinite, absolute character of Virtue has passed into a finite, conditional one; it is no longer a worship of the Beautiful and Good; but a calculation of the Profitable.
— Thomas CarlyleSigns of the Times (1829)
Use itGS4 on utilitarian decay: virtue reduced to calculation of profit.
People try to do all sorts of clever and difficult things to improve life instead of doing the simplest, easiest thing—refusing to participate in activities that make life bad.
Use itGS4: simplest reform is refusing to participate in wrong.
I regard utility as the ultimate appeal on all ethical questions; but it must be utility in the largest sense, grounded on the permanent interests of man as a progressive being.
— John Stuart MillCh. 1: Introductory
Use itGS4: utilitarianism rightly understood—long-term, progressive interests of humanity.
It is substantially true, that virtue or morality is a necessary spring of popular government. The rule, indeed, extends with more or less force to every species of free government.
— George WashingtonFarewell Address (1796)
Use itGS4/Essay: public morality is the spring of democratic government; ethics in governance.
Avarice and injustice are always shortsighted, and they did not foresee how much this regulation must obstruct improvement, and thereby hurt in the long-run the real interest of the landlord.
Use itGS4/Essay: greed and injustice are short-sighted and self-defeating.
Monks, a lay follower should not engage in five types of business. Which five? Business in weapons, business in human beings, business in meat, business in intoxicants, and business in poison.
— Gautama Buddha5.177: Vanijja Sutta, as translated by Thanissaro Bhikkhu (2001)
Use itGS4 business ethics: avoid trades in arms, trafficking, intoxicants and poison; ethical livelihood.
The fact that man knows right from wrong proves his intellectual superiority to the other creatures; but the fact that he can do wrong proves his moral inferiority to any creature that cannot.
Use itGS4: knowing right from wrong shows intellect; doing wrong shows moral inferiority.
Two things fill the mind with ever-increasing wonder and awe, the more often and the more intensely the mind of thought is drawn to them: the starry heavens above me and the moral law within me.
— Immanuel KantVariant translations
Use itGS4 intro on conscience; awe at the inner moral law guides conduct.
Priestley was the first (unless it was Beccaria) who taught my lips to pronounce this sacred truth — that the greatest happiness of the greatest number is the foundation of morals and legislation.
— Jeremy Bentham"Extracts from Bentham's Commonplace Book", in Collected Works, x, p. 142; He credits Priestley in his Essay on the First Principles of Gove
Use itGS4: utilitarianism—greatest happiness of greatest number as basis of law and policy.
They constantly try to escape From the darkness outside and within By dreaming of systems so perfect that no one will need to be good. But the man that is shall shadow The man that pretends to be.
Use itGS4: systems can't replace personal virtue; institutions need ethical individuals.
I made one great mistake in my life—when I signed the letter to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made; but there was some justification—the danger that the Germans would make them.
— Albert EinsteinRecorded by Linus Pauling, "Note to Self regarding a meeting with Albert Einstein. November 16, 1954"
Use itGS4 on ethics of scientists; regret over enabling nuclear weapons.
I sit on a man's back, choking him, and making him carry me, and yet assure myself and others that I am very sorry for him and wish to ease his lot by any means possible, except getting off his back.
— Leo TolstoyWritings on Civil Disobedience and Nonviolence (1886)
Use itGS4: hypocrisy of privilege; sympathy without giving up exploitation.
When one cultivates to the utmost the principles of his nature, and exercises them on the principle of reciprocity, he is not far from the path. What you do not like when done to yourself, do not do to others.
— ConfuciusThe Doctrine of the Mean
Use itGS4: golden rule of reciprocity; do not do to others what you dislike.
The world turns and the world changes, But one thing does not change. In all of my years, one thing does not change, However you disguise it, this thing does not change: The perpetual struggle of Good and Evil.
— T. S. EliotI (The Rock)
Use itEssay intro on ethics: amid change, the struggle of good and evil is constant.
Let me give you a definition of ethics: It is good to maintain and further life — it is bad to damage and destroy life. And this ethic, profound and universal, has the significance of a religion. It is religion.
— Albert SchweitzerAs quoted in Albert Schweitzer : The Man and His Mind (1947) by George Seaver, p. 366
Use itGS4 on defining ethics; reverence for life as a universal moral principle.
As it is necessary not to invite robbery by supineness, so it is our duty not to suppress tenderness by suspicion; it is better to suffer wrong than to do it, and happier to be sometimes cheated than not to trust.
— Samuel JohnsonNo. 79 (18 December 1750)
Use itGS4: better to suffer wrong than do it; trust over suspicion.
We shall strive for perfection. We shall not achieve it immediately — but we still shall strive. We may make mistakes — but they must never be mistakes which result from faintness of heart or abandonment of moral principle.
— Franklin D. RooseveltFourth inaugural address (1945)
Use itGS4: honest mistakes are forgivable, but not those born of cowardice or abandoned principle.
In the course of history, there comes a time when humanity is called to shift to a new level of consciousness, to reach a higher moral ground- a time when we have to shed our fear and give hope to each other. That time is now.
— Wangari MaathaiQuoted in Woman power to the fore, by R.S. Binuraj, The Hindu (1 July 2017)
Use itEssay conclusion: call for a higher moral consciousness and shared hope.
They wonder much to hear that gold, which in itself is so useless a thing, should be everywhere so much esteemed, that even men for whom it was made, and by whom it has its value, should yet be thought of less value than it is.
— Thomas MoreCh. 6 : Of the Travelling of the Utopians
Use itEssay on materialism: absurd that gold is valued above human beings.
Every art, and every system, and in like manner every action and purpose aims, it is thought, at some good; for which reason a common and by no means a bad description of the good is, ‘that at which all things aim.’ (Bk I, Ch I)
— AristotleThe Ethics Of Aristotle (Vol. I)
Use itGS4 on teleological ethics; every action aims at some good.
History shows that where ethics and economics come in conflict, victory is always with economics. Vs vested interests have never been be known to have willingly divested themselves unless there was sufficient force to compel them.
— B. R. AmbedkarPolitical Science for Civil Services Main Examination (2010)
Use itGS4/Essay on ethics vs profit: vested interests rarely give up power without compulsion.
Then what should we work for? Only this: proper understanding; unselfish action; truthful speech. A resolve to accept whatever happens as necessary and familiar, flowing like water from that same source and spring. (Hays translation)
Use itGS4: aim for right understanding, unselfish action, truthful speech.
...what's absolutely unforgivable is the financial benefit top management people get for laying off people. There is no excuse for it. No justification. This is morally and socially unforgivable, and we will pay a heavy price for it.
— Peter DruckerA cantankerous interview with Peter Drucker, Wired (August 1996)
Use itGS4 corporate ethics: executives profiting from layoffs is morally and socially unforgivable.
Then it is that the height of unhappiness is reached, when men are not only attracted, but even pleased, by shameful things, and when there is no longer any room for a cure, now that those things which once were vices have become habits.
— Seneca the YoungerEpistulae Morales ad Lucilium (Moral Letters to Lucilius) / Letter XXXIX: On Noble Aspirations
Use itGS4: normalisation of corruption—when vices become habits, reform is hardest.
So the question is, do corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, have responsibilities in their business activities other than to make as much money for their stockholders as possible? And my answer to that is, no they do not.
— Milton FriedmanInterview "Milton Friedman Responds" in Chemtech (February 1974) p. 72
Use itGS4: debate on corporate social responsibility; contrast Friedman with stakeholder view.
Could the activity of thinking as such, the habit of examining whatever happens to come to pass or to attract attention, regardless of results and specific content, could this activity be among the conditions that make men abstain from evil-doing?
Use itGS4: habit of reflective thinking may prevent wrongdoing; value of critical reflection.
In Nekhludoff, as in all people, there were two beings; one spiritual, who sought only such happiness for himself as also benefited others; and the animal being, seeking his own happiness for the sake of which he is willing to sacrifice that of the world.
Use itGS4: inner conflict between altruistic and selfish selves.
Vainly you talk about voting it down. When you have cast your millions of ballots, you have not reached the evil. It has fastened its root deep into the heart of the nation, and nothing but God’s truth and love can cleanse the land. We must change the moral sentiment.
— Frederick DouglassLove of God, Love of Man, Love of Country (October 22, 1847), Delivered at Market Hall, New York City, New York
Use itGS1/Essay: laws alone can't end social evils like dowry or caste; moral sentiment must change.
I do not believe in the doctrine of the greatest number. It means in its nakedness that in order to achieve the supposed good of 51 per cent the interests of 49 per cent may be, or rather, should be sacrificed. It is a heartless doctrine and has done harm to humanity.
— Mahatma GandhiThe Dairy of Mahadev Desai, (June 4, 1932) p. 149
Use itGS4 critique of utilitarianism; majority good can't justify sacrificing minority interests.
It is time, we repeat, that this monstrous slumber of men's consciences should end. It must not be, after that fearful scandal, the triumph of crime, that a scandal still more fearful should be presented to mankind: the indifference of the civilized world. Book I, III
— Victor HugoNapoleon the Little (1852)
Use itGS4/GS2: on global apathy to atrocities; indifference of bystanders as a moral failure.
Manners are of more importance than laws. The law can touch us here and there, now and then. Manners are what vex or soothe, corrupt or purify, exalt or debase, barbarize or refine us, by a constant, steady, uniform, insensible operation like that of the air we breathe in.
— Edmund BurkeNo. 1, p. 172 in The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke: A New Edition, v. VIII. London: F. C. and J. Rivington, 1815
Use itGS4/Essay: social norms and manners shape us more constantly than laws.
And hereby it comes to passe, that Intemperance, is naturally punished with Diseases; Rashness, with Mischance; Injustice; with Violence of Enemies; Pride, with Ruine; Cowardice, with Oppression; Negligent government of Princes, with Rebellion; and Rebellion with Slaughter.
— Thomas HobbesThe Second Part, Chapter 31, p. 194
Use itEssay on consequences: vices bring natural penalties; negligent rule breeds rebellion.
The best laws cannot make a constitution work in spite of morals; morals can turn the worst laws to advantage. That is a commonplace truth, but one to which my studies are always bringing me back. It is the central point in my conception. I see it at the end of all my reflections.
— Alexis de TocquevilleDe la supériorité des mœurs sur les lois (1831) Oeuvres complètes, vol. VIII, p. 286
Use itGS4/GS2: laws work only with public morality; values matter more than statutes.
It may be confidently asserted that no man chooses evil because it is evil; he only mistakes it for happiness, the good he seeks. And the desire of rectifying these mistakes, is the noble ambition of an enlightened understanding, the impulse of feelings that Philosophy invigorates.
— Mary WollstonecraftA Vindication of the Rights of Men (1790)
Use itGS4: no one chooses evil as evil, only mistaking it for good.
Most men are individuals no longer so far as their business, its activities, or its moralities are concerned. They are not units but fractions; with their individuality and independence of choice in matters of business they have lost all their individual choice within the field of morals.
— Woodrow WilsonAnnual address, American Bar Association, Chattanooga (31 August 1910)
Use itGS4 on corporate ethics; individuals surrender moral choice within organisations.
Clinton, Kennedy, they all carried out mass murder, but they didn't think that that was what they were doing - nor does Bush. You know, they were defending justice and democracy from greater evils. And in fact I think you'd find it hard to discover a mass murderer in history who didn't think that.
— Noam ChomskyInterview by Wallace Shawn, 2004
Use itGS4: self-justification — wrongdoers believe they serve justice; moral blind spots.
There is always a certain glamour about the idea of a nation rising up to crush an evil simply because it is wrong. Unfortunately, this can seldom be realized in real life; for the very existence of the evil usually argues a moral weakness in the very place where extraordinary moral strength is called for.
— W. E. B. Du BoisThe Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America, 1638-1870 (1897), ch. XII: The Essentials in the Struggle, parag
Use itGS4/Essay: why social evils persist; their existence reflects collective moral weakness.
You assist an unjust administration most effectively by obeying its orders and decrees. An evil administration never deserves such allegiance. Allegiance to it means partaking of the evil. A good person will resist an evil system with his whole soul. Disobedience of the laws of an evil state is therefore a duty.
— Mahatma GandhiNon-Violent Resistance - Often misquoted as "You assist an evil system most effectively by obeying its orders and decrees. An evil system ne
Use itEssay on resisting unjust systems; obedience to evil administration is complicity.
Because we have sought to cover up past evil, though it still persists, we have been powerless to check the new evil of today. Evil unchecked grows, Evil tolerated poisons the whole system. And because we have tolerated our past and present evils, international affairs are poisoned and law and justice have disappeared from them.
— Jawaharlal NehruThe Unity of India : Collected Writings, 1937-1940 (1942), p. 280
Use itGS4: tolerated wrongdoing poisons the whole system—argue for zero tolerance.
We need a science to save us from science.
— Bertrand RussellNY Times Magazine, as reported in High Points in the Work of the High Schools of New York City, Vol. 34 (1952), p. 46
Use itEssay on tech ethics/AI: we need a science to save us from science.
He was as great as a man can be without morality.
— Alexis de TocquevilleSaid of Napoleon (1842), "Discours de réception a L'Académie Française prononcé le 21 Avril 1842" Oeuvres complètes, vol. IX, p. 17
Use itGS4: greatness without morality is incomplete; contrast ability with ethics.
Sooner or later we have all to pay for what we do.
— Oscar WildeMrs Chevely, Act I
Use itGS4 conclusion on accountability: consequences of unethical actions eventually catch up with officials.
Rewards and punishments are the lowest form of education.
— ZhuangziCh. 12 (tr. Herbert A. Giles, 1889)
Use itGS4/Essay: carrots and sticks are the lowest form of education; build intrinsic values.
Beware lest you lose the substance by grasping at the shadow.
— AesopThe Dog and the Shadow
Use itLife/Essay: don't chase appearances at the cost of substance.
Righteousness cannot be born until self-righteousness is dead.
— Bertrand RussellJustice in War-Time (1916), p. 192
Use itGS4 on moral humility: righteousness begins only when self-righteousness dies.
It is easier to contend with evil at the first than at the last.
— Leonardo da VinciThe Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci (1883) / XIX Philosophical Maxims. Morals. Polemics and Speculations
Use itGS2/GS4: tackle problems early—preventive governance beats late correction.
Any man more right than his neighbors constitutes a majority of one.
— Henry David ThoreauCivil Disobedience (1849)
Use itGS4: moral courage to stand alone when right, e.g. a whistle-blower.
To speak well of a base man is much the same as speaking ill of a good man.
— Leonardo da VinciThe Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci (1883) / XIX Philosophical Maxims. Morals. Polemics and Speculations
Use itGS4: praising the undeserving is as unjust as maligning the good—on fair appraisal.
It is too difficult to think nobly when one thinks only of earning a living.
— Jean-Jacques RousseauVariant translation: It is too difficult to think nobly when one only thinks to get a living
Use itEssay on poverty; subsistence struggles crowd out higher pursuits—justify social security.
There is no greater wealth than Virtue, And no greater loss than to forget it.
— ThiruvalluvarVerse IV.2
Use itGS4 intro: virtue as the greatest wealth; forgetting it the greatest loss.
Setbacks in trying to realize the ideal do not prove that the ideal is at fault.
— Dag HammarskjöldAs quoted by Rolf Edberg, Swedish Ambassador to Norway, accepting the Nobel Peace Prize on behalf of Hammarskjöld in Oslo, Norway (10 Decemb
Use itEssay/GS4: failures in practice don't invalidate an ideal; keep striving.
It is easier to denature plutonium than it is to denature the evil spirit of man.
— Albert EinsteinThe Real Problem Is in the Hearts of Men, The New York Times Magazine (June 23, 1946)
Use itEssay on disarmament; the real problem is human malice, not technology.
People will always try to stop you doing the right thing if it is unconventional.
— Warren BuffettAs quoted in "My $650,100 Lunch with Warren Buffett" by Guy Spier, in TIME (30 June 2008)
Use itGS4: doing right often meets resistance when unconventional.
It is not fair to ask of others what you are unwilling to do yourself. (15 June 1946)
Use itGS4: leaders shouldn't ask of others what they won't do themselves.
Perfection of means and confusion of goals seem—in my opinion—to characterize our age.
— Albert Einstein"The Common Language of Science", a broadcast for Science, Conference, London, 28 September 1941. Published in Advancement of Science, Londo
Use itEssay on technology and purpose; advanced means, confused ends.
If it is not right, do not do it, if it is not true, do not say it. For let thy efforts be —
Use itGS4: simplest ethical rule—don't do what isn't right, don't say what isn't true.
The major incentive to productivity and efficiency are social and moral rather than financial.
— Peter Drucker1930s- 1950s / The New Society (1950)
Use itGS4 on motivation in civil services; social and moral incentives outweigh money.
The more man meditates upon good thoughts, the better will be his world and the world at large.
— ConfuciusAttributed to Confucius in Out of the Blue: Delight Comes Into Our Lives (1996) by Mark Victor Hansen, Barbara Nichols, and Patty Hansen, p.
Use itLife/GS4: good thoughts shape a better self and world.
One is almost driven to the cynical conclusion that men are only decent when they are powerless.
— George OrwellReview of The Freedom of the Streets by Jack Common, June 1938, pp. 335-6
Use itGS4: power tests decency; justify checks and balances against abuse.
It is curious that physical courage should be so common in the world, and moral courage so rare.
— Mark TwainMark Twain in Eruption: Hitherto Unpublished Pages About Men and Events (1940) edited by Bernard DeVoto
Use itGS4 on moral courage; physical courage is common, moral courage rare.
The world, we are told, was made especially for man — a presumption not supported by all the facts.
— John Muirchapter 6: Cedar Keys, page 160
Use itEssay on environmental ethics; challenge anthropocentrism.
Truth does not pay homage to any society, ancient or modern. Society has to pay homage to Truth or die.
— Swami VivekanandaPearls of Wisdom
Use itEssay on social reform: society must bow to truth or decay.
Any religion or philosophy which is not based on a respect for life is not a true religion or philosophy.
— Albert SchweitzerLetter to a Japanese Animal Welfare Society (1961); also in The Words of Albert Schweitzer (1984) edited by ‎Norman Cousins, p. 37
Use itEssay on religion and ethics; true faith rests on respect for life.
I detest racialism because I regard it as a barbaric thing, whether it comes from a black man or a white man.
— Nelson MandelaLong Walk to Freedom (1995)
Use itGS1: racism is barbaric regardless of who practises it.
Therefore only an utterly senseless person can fail to know that our characters are the result of our conduct.
Use itGS4: character is shaped by repeated conduct.
No man can sit down and withhold his hands from the warfare against wrong and get peace from his acquiescence.
— Woodrow Wilson“A Book Which Reveals Men to Themselves”, Address on the Tercentenary of the Tranlation of the Bible (7 May 1911) in The Politics of Woodrow
Use itGS4: bystander apathy; no peace in acquiescing to wrong.
In the end, man is not entirely guilty — he did not start history. Nor is he wholly innocent — he continues it.
Use itEssay on historical injustice; we inherit history but are responsible for continuing it.
The only difference between the saint and the sinner is that every saint has a past and every sinner has a future.
— Oscar WildeLord Illingworth, Act III
Use itGS4: reformative view — every saint has a past, every sinner a future.
Free enterprise cannot be justified as being good for business. It can be justified only as being good for society.
Use itEssay/GS4 on corporate responsibility; free enterprise justified only by its social good.
To forget would not only be dangerous but offensive. to forget the dead would be akin to killing them a second time.
— Elie WieselPreface
Use itEssay on remembrance: forgetting victims kills them a second time.
You don't have to think about doing the right thing. If you're for the right thing, then you do it without thinking.
— Maya AngelouQuoting her mother's statement after her son's birth
Use itGS4: virtue ethics — good character makes right action habitual.
Fairness means not to use fraud and trickery in the exchange of commodities and services and the exchange of feelings.
— Erich FrommThe Art of Loving (1956)
Use itGS4 definition answer on fairness; extend to business ethics and honest dealings.
The man who is right is a majority. We, who have God and conscience on our side, have a majority against the universe.
— Frederick DouglassAs quoted in Frederick Douglass: The Colored Orator (1969) by Frederic May Holland, p. 212
Use itGS4 whistleblower case: being right with conscience outweighs being in the majority.
One of the difficulties with all our institutions is the fact that we've emphasized the reward instead of the service.
— Harry S. TrumanLetter to Harold E. Moore (27 September 1949)
Use itGS4: institutions emphasising reward over service breed self-interest; restore service ethos.
I think of it all as a test. This is a moral examination that one has to pass... to stand up against such social evils.
— Kailash SatyarthiKailash Satyarthi’s crusade to save childhood continues… (2014)
Use itGS4: standing against social evils as a moral examination.
If AI can suffer, then it is an ethical subject and it needs protection, it needs rights, just like humans and animals.
— Yuval Noah Harari"#390 - Yuval Noah Harari: Human Nature, Intelligence, Power, and Conspiracies" on Lex Fridman Podcast, found on DeepCast (17 July 2023)
Use itGS4/GS3 on AI ethics; if AI can suffer it needs rights.
That knowledge which purifies the mind and heart alone is true Knowledge, all else is only a negation of Knowledge. (138)
— RamakrishnaSayings of Sri Ramakrishna (1960)
Use itEssay on value education; true knowledge purifies mind and heart.
Enjoying things which are pleasant; that is not the evil: it is the reducing of our moral self to slavery by them that is.
— Thomas CarlyleHeroes and Hero-Worship (1840) / The Hero as Prophet
Use itGS4 on self-control: pleasure isn't evil; enslavement to it is.
Morality is everywhere the same for all men, therefore it comes from God; sects differ, therefore they are the work of men.
Use itEssay on secular ethics; morality is universal while sectarian differences are man-made.
What we think, or what we know, or what we believe is, in the end, of little consequence. The only consequence is what we do.
— John RuskinLecture IV: The Future of England, section 151
Use itGS4: action over intention; ethics judged by conduct, not beliefs.
It is forbidden to kill; therefore all murderers are punished unless they kill in large numbers and to the sound of trumpets.
Use itEssay on war ethics; mass killing is glorified while individual murder is punished.
He that defers his charity 'till he is dead, is (if a man weighs it rightly) rather liberal of another man's, than of his own.
— Francis BaconOrnamenta Rationalia, http://books.google.com/books?id=VHNUAAAAYAAJ&q="He+that+defers+his+charity+'till+he+is+dead+is+if+a+man+weighs+i
Use itGS4 on philanthropy: generosity postponed till death costs the giver nothing.
That land is a community is the basic concept of ecology, but that land is to be loved and respected is an extension of ethics.
— Aldo Leopoldp. viii-ix
Use itGS4/GS3 environmental ethics; land as a community to be loved and respected.
Thirkukkural was written to show a good path to the people to create values in life and to develop a good order in the society.
— Periyar E. V. RamasamyVeeramani, Collected Works of Periyar, p. 506
Use itGS1/GS4 on Thirukkural as a guide to values and social order.
We should never take pleasure in causing pain to others, even to those who have wronged us, but rather strive to do good to all.
— Cicero
Use itGS4: reject revenge; do good even to those who wronged you.
Law is the perfection of reason implanted in us by nature, which enjoins what should be done, and forbids what we should not do.
— Cicero
Use itGS4 on law and ethics; natural law view that true law is right reason.
From whence it follows, that were the publique and private interest are most closely united, there is the publique most advanced.
— Thomas HobbesThe Second Part, Chapter 19, p. 97
Use itGS4: public good advances most when public and private interests align.
If a man does not have an ideal and try to live up to it, then he becomes a mean, base, and sordid creature, no matter how successful.
— Theodore RooseveltLetter to his son, Kermit, quoted in Theodore Roosevelt by Joseph Bucklin Bishop (1915)
Use itGS4: without ideals, success leaves one mean and sordid.
The true value of a human being is determined primarily by the measure and the sense in which he has attained to liberation from the self.
— Albert EinsteinThe World As I See It (1949)
Use itGS4 on selflessness; true worth lies in freedom from ego.
Our bodies are perishable, wealth is not at all permanent and death is always nearby. Therefore we must immediately engage in acts of merit.
Use itLife: life is short, so do good deeds now rather than later.
Perfection does not come from belief or faith. Talk does not count for anything. Parrots can do that. Perfection comes through selfless work.
— Swami VivekanandaPearls of Wisdom
Use itGS4: action over talk — perfection through selfless work, not parroted beliefs.
The safest road to Hell is the gradual one — the gentle slope, soft underfoot, without sudden turnings, without milestones, without signposts.
Use itGS4 on ethical erosion: corruption usually comes by a gentle, gradual slope.
We have, in fact, two kinds of morality side by side; one which we preach but do not practise, and another which we practise but seldom preach.
— Bertrand RussellCh. 8: Eastern and Western Ideals of Happiness
Use itGS4 on hypocrisy: gap between morality preached and morality practised.
This year, or this month, or, more likely, this very day, we have failed to practise ourselves the kind of behaviour we expect from other people.
— C. S. LewisBook I, Chapter 1, "The Law of Human Nature"
Use itGS4 on self-scrutiny: we daily fail to practise what we expect of others.
For one man cannot do right in one department of life whilst he is occupied in doing wrong in any other department. Life is one indivisible whole.
— Mahatma GandhiYoung India (27 January 1927)
Use itGS4 on private vs public morality; life is indivisible, integrity can't be compartmentalised.
Having defeated your enemy you have to choose (unless you want another war within a generation) between exterminating him and treating him generously.
— George Orwell"As I Please," Tribune, (24 December 1943)
Use itGS1/GS2: Versailles vs Marshall Plan; generosity to the defeated prevents future wars.
Being the richest man in the cemetery doesn't matter to me … Going to bed at night saying we've done something wonderful... that's what matters to me.
— Steve JobsOn the success of Bill Gates and Microsoft, as quoted in The Wall Street Journal (Summer 1993)
Use itEssay on wealth vs meaning; argue purpose and contribution outweigh riches.
Hypocrisy, of course, delights in the most sublime speculations; for, never intending to go beyond speculation, it costs nothing to have it magnificent.
— Edmund BurkeReflections on the Revolution in France (1790)
Use itGS4: hypocrites love grand ideals because they never intend to act.
A boat may stay in water, but water should not stay in boat. A spiritual aspirant may live in the world, but the world should not live within him. (266)
— RamakrishnaSayings of Sri Ramakrishna (1960)
Use itGS4 on detachment; live in the world without letting worldliness live in you.
The vices respectively fall short of or exceed what is right in both passions and actions, while virtue both finds and chooses that which is intermediate.
Use itGS4 on golden mean; virtue lies between excess and deficiency.
Mistaken ideas always end in bloodshed, but in every case it is someone else's blood. That is why some of our thinkers feel free to say just about anything.
Use itGS4 on responsibility of intellectuals; reckless ideas cost others' lives.
Karma is the eternal assertion of human freedom. If we can bring ourselves down by our karma, surely it is in our power to raise ourselves by our own karma.
— Swami VivekanandaPearls of Wisdom
Use itGS4 on free will: karma as power to raise oneself, not fatalism.
Unjust laws exist: shall we be content to obey them, or shall we endeavor to amend them, and obey them until we have succeeded, or shall we transgress them at once?
— Henry David ThoreauCivil Disobedience (1849)
Use itGS4 dilemma: law vs conscience; frame options for responding to an unjust rule.
The great question is, to discover not what governments prescribe, but what they ought to prescribe; for no prescription is valid against the conscience of mankind.
— John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron ActonThe History of Freedom in Antiquity (1877)
Use itGS4: no law is valid against the conscience of mankind—law vs morality.
He who steadily observes the moral precepts in which all religions concur, will never be questioned at the gates of heaven as to the dogmas in which they all differ.
— Thomas JeffersonLetter to William Canby (18 September 1813)
Use itEssay on secular ethics: morality common to all religions matters, not dogma.
It is necessary to help others, not only in our prayers, but in our daily lives. If we find we cannot help others, the least we can do is to desist from harming them.
— Dalai Lama (14th)"A Talk to Western Buddhists" p. 89
Use itGS4: help others in deeds; at minimum, do no harm.
This avidity alone, of acquiring goods and possessions for ourselves and our nearest friends, is insatiable, perpetual, universal, and directly destructive of society.
Use itEssay/GS4 on greed and consumerism; endless acquisitiveness destroys society.
The means by which we live have outdistanced the ends for which we live. Our scientific power has outrun our spiritual power. We have guided missiles and misguided man.
— Martin Luther King Jr.Strength to Love, Chapter 7
Use itEssay on technology and ethics; guided missiles and misguided men.
The old saw is that the Quakers went to the New World to do good and ended up doing well. Today, well-meaning reformers go to Washington to do good and end up doing harm.
Use itGS4: good intentions in office can still cause harm; need for evidence-based policy.
Living a lie the whole time — the lie that we're here to uplift our poor black brothers instead of to rob them ... it corrupts us, it corrupts us in ways you can't imagine.
— George OrwellJohn Flory, Ch. III
Use itGS1 on colonialism: the 'civilising mission' was a lie that corrupted the colonisers too.
Cowardice asks the question, is it safe? Expediency asks the question, is it politic? Vanity asks the question, is it popular? But conscience asks the question, is it right?
— PremchandIn his novel Godaan, Chapter 1
Use itGS4: conclude a dilemma answer; conscience asks 'is it right?', not safe, politic or popular.
CourageEthics & MoralityEssayGS4Interview
To kill someone for committing murder is a punishment incomparably worse than the crime itself. Murder by legal sentence is immeasurably more terrible than murder by brigands.
— Fyodor DostoyevskyPart 1, Chapter 2 (tr. Frederick Whishaw, 1887)
Use itGS2/GS4 death penalty debate: state execution may be worse than the crime it punishes.
There is no outward mark of politeness that does not have a profound moral reason. The right education would be that which taught the outward mark and the moral reason together.
Use itGS4 on value education; teach good manners along with their moral reasons.
The hell to be endured hereafter, of which theology tells, is no worse than the hell we make for ourselves in this world by habitually fashioning our characters in the wrong way.
Use itGS4: character built through habits creates one's own heaven or hell.
The power to do good is also the power to do harm; those who control the power today may not tomorrow; and, more important, what one man regards as good, another may regard as harm.
— Milton FriedmanIntroduction, p. 3
Use itGS4: power to do good is power to do harm; checks on discretion.
Education is learning to grow, learning what to grow toward, learning what is good and bad, learning what is desirable and undesirable, learning what to choose and what not to choose.
— Abraham MaslowThe Farther Reaches of Human Nature (1971)
Use itGS4/Essay on value education; education should teach moral choice, not just facts.
It is a mistake always to contemplate the good and ignore the evil, because by making people neglectful it lets in disaster. There is a dangerous optimism of ignorance and indifference.
— Helen KellerOptimism (1903)
Use itGS4: warn against complacency; indifference to wrongdoing invites disaster in administration.
Let us teach ourselves and others that politics should be an expression of a desire to contribute to the happiness of the community rather than of a need to cheat or rape the community.
— Václav HavelNew Year's Address to the Nation (1990)
Use itGS4: politics as service to community happiness, not exploitation.
That it is better 100 guilty Persons should escape than that one innocent Person should suffer, is a maxim that has been long and generally approved; never, that I know of, controverted.
— Benjamin FranklinLetter to Benjamin Vaughan, on Blackstone's Ratio (14 March 1785)
Use itGS2 on criminal justice: better 100 guilty escape than one innocent suffer; bail and wrongful conviction.
And most of all, I want to emphasize to you, Mr. President-elect, that we now are going to want to do everything we can to help you succeed, because if you succeed, then the country succeeds.
— Barack ObamaPresidential transition of Donald Trump (November 2016)
Use itGS4 on graceful power transfer: wish your successor success, because the country's success depends on it.
Guide the people by law, subdue them by punishment; they may shun crime, but will be void of shame. Guide them by example, subdue them by courtesy; they will learn shame, and come to be good.
— ConfuciusAnalects / Other chapters
Use itGS4: laws curb crime but leadership by example builds conscience; ethics vs rule-based governance.
A society that does not recognize that each individual has values of his own which he is entitled to follow can have no respect for the dignity of the individual and cannot really know freedom.
Use itGS4/GS2: respecting individual values is the basis of human dignity and freedom.
It is a bad thing for a nation to raise and to admire a false standard of success; and there can be no falser standard than that set by the deification of material well-being in and for itself.
— Theodore RooseveltCitizenship in a Republic (1910)
Use itEssay on GDP vs wellbeing: deifying material success is a false standard.
For my part, I favour an approach to statecraft that embraces principles, as long as it is not stifled by them; and I prefer such principles to be accompanied by steel along with good intentions.
Use itGS4: principled statecraft without rigidity—principles backed by firmness.
As soon as man began considering himself the source of the highest meaning in the world and the measure of everything, the world began to lose its human dimension, and man began to lose control of it.
— Václav HavelCh. 1 : Growing Up "Outside", p. 11
Use itEssay on anthropocentrism; treating man as measure of all things harms the world.
The impoverishment of economics related to its distancing from ethics affects both welfare economics (narrowing its reach and relevance) and predictive economics (weakening its behavioural foundations).
— Amartya SenChap. 2 : Economic Judgements and Moral Philosophy
Use itGS3/GS4: economics divorced from ethics is impoverished; ethical policy-making.
I think computer viruses should count as life … I think it says something about human nature that the only form of life we have created so far is purely destructive. We've created life in our own image.
— Stephen HawkingSpeech at Macworld Expo in Boston, as quoted in The Daily News (4 August 1994). A nearly identical quote can be found at the end of the seco
Use itGS3 cybersecurity: humanity's first created life form, viruses, is destructive.
A lively and lasting sense of filial duty is more effectually impressed on the mind of a son or daughter by reading King Lear, than by all the dry volumes of ethics, and divinity, that ever were written.
— Thomas JeffersonLetter to Robert Skipwith (3 August 1771) ; also in The Writings of Thomas Jefferson (19 Vols., 1905) edited by Andrew A. Lipscomb and Alber
Use itGS4 on value inculcation: literature teaches duty better than dry ethics texts.
A teacher who can arouse a feeling for one single good action, for one single good poem, accomplishes more than he who fills our memory with rows on rows of natural objects, classified with name and form.
Use itEssay on rote learning; inspiring one good action beats memorising facts.
Mind precedes all mental states. Mind is their chief; they are all mind-wrought. If with an impure mind a person speaks or acts suffering follows him like the wheel that follows the foot of the ox. (Verse 1)
— DhammapadaTranslator: Acharya Buddharakkhita
Use itGS4: mind is the root of action; impure intentions bring suffering.
Never regard something as doing you good if it makes you betray a trust or lose your sense of shame or makes you show hatred, suspicion, ill-will or hypocrisy or a desire for things best done behind closed doors.
— Marcus AureliusIII. 7, trans. Gregory Hays
Use itGS4 on conflict of interest; no gain is good if it betrays trust or needs secrecy.
The most important thing is to actually think about what you do. To become aware and actually think about the effect of what you do on the environment and on society. That's key, and that underlies everything else.
— Jane GoodallAs quoted in Going Blue: A Teen Guide to Saving Our Oceans, Lakes, Rivers, & Wetlands (2010) by Cathryn Berger Kaye and Philippe Cousteau, p
Use itGS4/Essay: mindful consumption—consider each action's social and environmental impact.
The law of progress holds that everything now must be better than what was there before. Don’t you see if you want something better, and better, and better, you lose the good? The good is no longer even being measured.
— Hannah ArendtInterview with French writer Roger Errera in New York Review of Books (1974)
Use itEssay on growth obsession: endless pursuit of 'better' can lose sight of the good.
For legislators make the citizens good by forming habits in them, and this is the wish of every legislator, and those who do not effect it miss their mark, and it is in this that a good constitution differs from a bad one.
Use itGS2 on behavioural governance; good laws build civic habits.
Religion must mainly be a matter of principles only. It cannot be a matter of rules. The moment it degenerates into rules, it ceases to be a religion, as it kills responsibility which is an essence of the true religious act.
— B. R. AmbedkarRadical Equality: Ambedkar, Gandhi, and the Risk of Democracy
Use itEssay on religion: principles, not rigid rules, sustain moral responsibility.
I honor — we honor — the service of John McCain, and I respect his many accomplishments, even if he chooses to deny mine. My differences with him are not personal; they are with the policies he has proposed in this campaign.
— Barack ObamaSpeech following the Minnesota primary (3 June 2008)
Use itGS4 on civility in public life: disagree on policy, not personally.
Money is the measure of all things, and profit the primary goal. For the oppressors, what is worthwhile is to have more—always more—even at the cost of the oppressed having less or having nothing. For them, to be is to have.
— Paulo FreirePedagogia do oprimido (Pedagogy of the Oppressed) (1968, English trans. 1970) / Chapter 1
Use itEssay on consumerism/inequality; critique of profit-first ethos where 'to be is to have'.
The horseman serves the horse, The neatherd serves the neat, The merchant serves the purse, The eater serves his meat; 'Tis the day of the chattel, Web to weave, and corn to grind; Things are in the saddle, And ride mankind.
— Ralph Waldo EmersonOde: Inscribed to W. H. Channing, st. 7
Use itEssay on consumerism; 'things are in the saddle and ride mankind'.
The institution of religion exists only to keep mankind in order, and to make men merit the goodness of God by their virtue. Everything in a religion which does not tend towards this goal must be considered foreign or dangerous.
— Voltaire"The Ecclesiastical Ministry"
Use itEssay on religion's role; any practice not promoting virtue is suspect.
In every stock-jobbing swindle everyone knows that some time or other the crash must come, but every one hopes that it may fall on the head of his neighbour, after he himself has caught the shower of gold and placed it in safety.
Use itGS3: speculative bubbles; everyone expects the crash to hit someone else.
Genuine religion is not about speculating about God or the soul or about what happened in the past or will happen in the future; it cares only about one thing—finding out exactly what should or should not be done in this lifetime.
Use itEssay on religion and ethics: true religion is about right conduct now.
Money is miraculous. What miraculous facilities has it yielded, will it yield us; but also what never-imagined confusions, obscurations has it brought in; down almost to total extinction of the moral-sense in large masses of mankind!
— Thomas CarlylePast and Present (1843)
Use itEssay on money: immense facilitator that can extinguish moral sense.
Whenever racial discrimination exists it is a tragic expression of man's spiritual degeneracy and moral bankruptcy. Therefore, it must be removed not merely because it is diplomatically expedient, but because it is morally compelling.
— Martin Luther King Jr.The Rising Tide of Racial Consciousnes (1960)
Use itGS4: end discrimination because it's morally compelling, not merely expedient.
I am not bound to win, but I am bound to be true. I am not bound to succeed, but I am bound to live up to the light I have. I must stand with anybody that stands right — stand with him while he is right and part with him when he goes wrong.
— Abraham LincolnReported as an inscription quoting Lincoln in an English college in The Baptist Teacher for Sunday-school Workers : Vol. 36 (August 1905), p
Use itGS4 on means vs ends; duty to stay true outweighs winning.
How selfish soever man may be supposed, there are evidently some principles in his nature, which interest him in the fortune of others, and render their happiness necessary to him, though he derives nothing from it except the pleasure of seeing it.
— Adam SmithSection I, Chap. I
Use itGS4 on empathy; humans naturally care for others' happiness despite self-interest.
Revolutionary morality does not fall from the sky. It is developed and consolidated through persevering daily struggle and effort. Like jade, the more it is polished the more it shines. Like gold, it grows ever purer as it foes into the melting pot.
— Ho Chí MinhOn Revolutionary Morality (1958)
Use itGS4: morality is built through daily practice; polished like jade, purified like gold.
This is an age that has produced floods of how-to-do-it books, and it is also an age of how-to-do-it science. It is, in other words, the age of technology, in which if we know how to do something, we do it without pausing to inquire whether we should.
— Rachel CarsonSpeech at Scripps College (June 1962)
Use itEssay on tech ethics (AI, gene editing): ask whether we should, not just whether we can.
It is a wicked thing to be neutral between right and wrong. Impartiality does not mean neutrality. Impartial justice consists not in being neutral between right and wrong, but in finding out the right and upholding it, wherever found, against the wrong.
Use itGS4: impartiality isn't neutrality between right and wrong; uphold the right.
Science contributes moral as well as material blessings to the world. Its great moral contribution is objectivity, or the scientific point of view. This means doubting everything except facts; it means hewing to the facts, let the chips fall where they may.
Use itEssay on scientific temper; science's moral gift is objectivity.
War damages, the fabric of civilisation not by the destruction it causes (the net effect of a war may even be to increase the productive capacity of the world as a whole) nor even by the slaughter of human beings, but by the stimulated hatred and dishonesty.
— George Orwell"As I Please," Tribune (4 August 1944)
Use itEssay on war: its deepest damage is the hatred and dishonesty it breeds.
Examine each question in terms of what is ethically and esthetically right, as well as what is economically expedient. A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise.
Use itGS4 environmental ethics; judge actions by ecological integrity, not just economics.
Capitalism is being attacked not because it is inefficient or misgoverned but because it is cynical. And indeed a society based on the assertion that private vices become public benefits cannot endure, no matter how impeccable its logic, no matter how great its benefits.
Use itEssay on ethical capitalism; a system built on 'private vice, public benefit' cannot endure.
A peculiar virtue in wildlife ethics is that the hunter ordinarily has no gallery to applaud or disapprove of his conduct. Whatever his acts, they are dictated by his own conscience, rather than by a mob of onlookers. It is difficult to exaggerate the importance of this fact.
Use itGS4 integrity definition; doing right when nobody is watching.
We are committed to the proposition that principles of morality and considerations for our own security will never permit us to acquiesce in a peace dictated by aggressors and sponsored by appeasers. We know that enduring peace cannot be bought at the cost of other people's freedom.
— Franklin D. RooseveltState of the Union Address — The Four Freedoms (1941)
Use itGS2 IR: reject appeasement; durable peace cannot be bought by sacrificing other nations' freedom.
The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race. We cannot quite know what will happen if a machine exceeds our own intelligence, so we can't know if we'll be infinitely helped by it, or ignored by it and sidelined, or conceivably destroyed by it.
— Stephen HawkingBBC (2 December 2014)
Use itEssay on AI: superintelligence could help, sideline or destroy humanity.
Men with the muckrake are often indispensable to the well-being of society, but only if they know when to stop raking the muck, and to look upward to the celestial crown above them. ... If they gradually grow to feel that the whole world is nothing but muck their power of usefulness is gone.
— Theodore RooseveltAddress on the laying of the cornerstone of the House Office Building, Washington, D.C. (14 April 1906)
Use itEssay on investigative journalism: exposing wrongs is vital, but cynicism kills usefulness.
Let your heart feel for the affliction, and distresses of every one—and let your hand give, in proportion to your purse—remembering always, the estimation of the Widows mite. But, that it is not every one who asketh, that deserveth charity; all however are worthy of the enquiry—or the deserving may suffer.
— George WashingtonLetter to Bushrod Washington (15 January 1783)
Use itGS4: compassion with prudence; give in proportion to means and verify genuine need.
The idea of the Nation is one of the most powerful anaesthetics that Man has invented. Under the influence of its fumes the whole people can carry out its systematic programme of the most virulent self-seeking without being in the least aware of its moral perversion,-in fact feeling dangerously resentful if it is pointed out.
— Rabindranath Tagore"Nationalism in the West", 1917. Reprinted in Rabindranath Tagore and Mohit K. Ray, Essays (2007, p. 465). Also cited in Parmanand Parashar,
Use itEssay on nationalism vs humanism; aggressive nationalism numbs moral conscience.

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Integrity & Honesty191Character & Virtue315Compassion & Empathy203Duty & Responsibility176Courage174Leadership179Civil Services & Public Service69Governance & Administration377Justice & Rule of Law221Democracy & Freedom401Equality & Social Justice264Women & Gender41Education & Knowledge333Science, Technology & Innovation203Economy, Development & Poverty301Environment & Sustainability130Peace, Non-violence & Conflict285Nation, Unity & Diversity166Truth & Wisdom286Power & Corruption131Religion, Tolerance & Secularism111Media, Speech & Public Opinion161History & Civilisation128Culture, Art & Literature107Work, Excellence & Success246Resilience & Perseverance271Happiness & Meaning of Life205Time & Change165Mind & Self-awareness357Emotions & Self-control200Relationships & Friendship123Youth, Dreams & Ambition120Health & Wellbeing71