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Truth & Wisdom quotes for UPSC & State PCS

286 sourced quotes on truth, wisdom, doubt and the search for knowledge, each with a use case for GS4, Essay and interviews. Thinkers include Bertrand Russell, Leonardo da Vinci, Carl Sagan, Voltaire, Napoleon, Swami Vivekananda.

✓ Sourced and attributed · 169 for GS4 · 234 for Essay

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All that glisters is not gold.
— William ShakespearePrince of Morocco, reading Portia's note, Act II, scene vii; this is the source of the popular paraphrase "."
Use itLife/Essay: appearances deceive; look beyond glitter.
Truth was the only daughter of Time.
— Leonardo da VinciThe Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci (1883) / XIX Philosophical Maxims. Morals. Polemics and Speculations
Use itEssay conclusion: truth eventually surfaces; time vindicates honesty.
Wisdom is the daughter of experience.
— Leonardo da VinciThe Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci (1883) / XIX Philosophical Maxims. Morals. Polemics and Speculations
Use itEssay intro on experiential learning; wisdom grows from lived experience, not theory alone.
Truth never damages a cause that is just.
— Mahatma GandhiHarijan, 9 December 1939, in The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, Vol. 70, p. 40
Use itGS4: truth never hurts a just cause—argue for transparency.
A truth is to be known always, to be uttered sometimes.
— Kahlil GibranSand and Foam (1926)
Use itGS4: discretion and confidentiality; knowing truth vs speaking it at right time.
He who knows does not speak; he who speaks does not know.
— Laozi
Use itInterview: restraint in speech; wisdom shows in silence more than talk.
Those who are free from common prejudices acquire others.
— NapoleonMemoirs of Napoleon (1829-1831)
Use itGS4: escaping one prejudice may breed another; self-awareness of bias.
No Man is wise at all Times, or is without his blind Side.
— ErasmusThe Alchymyst, in Colloquies of Erasmus, Volume I
Use itInterview: admit a mistake gracefully; GS4 on humility and acknowledging one's blind spots.
A thing is not necessarily true because a man dies for it.
— Oscar Wilde"", in Blackwood's Magazine (July 1889)
Use itEssay on fanaticism: dying for a belief doesn't make it true.
I do not quote from the scriptures; I simply see what I see.
— KabirAzfar Hussain translations
Use itEssay: experience over dogma; Bhakti saints' direct perception of truth.
Better be wise by the misfortunes of others than by your own.
— AesopThe Lion, The Ass, And The Fox Hunting
Use itLife: learn from others' mistakes rather than repeating them.
Beware lest you lose the substance by grasping at the shadow.
— AesopThe Dog and the Shadow
Use itLife/Essay: don't chase appearances at the cost of substance.
Heresies are experiments in man's unsatisfied search for truth.
— H. G. WellsCrux Ansata: An Indictment of the Roman Catholic Church (1943)
Use itEssay on dissent: heresies are experiments in seeking truth; protect unorthodox ideas.
It is precisely in knowing its limits that philosophy consists.
Use itEssay on humility in knowledge; wisdom begins with knowing one's limits.
Truth & WisdomEssayInterview
Facts are facts and will not disappear on account of your likes
— Jawaharlal NehruAn Autobiography (1936; 1949; 1958)
Use itGS4: objectivity—facts don't change because we dislike them; evidence over bias.
To see what is in front of one's nose needs a constant struggle.
— George Orwell"In Front of Your Nose," Tribune (22 March 1946)
Use itEssay: seeing obvious realities takes effort against bias and convenience.
He is no wise man that will quit a certainty for an uncertainty.
Use itLife: weigh trading a certain gain for an uncertain one.
Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.
— Albert EinsteinRepeated throughout his life (with variants); see: Quote Investigator
Use itEssay/GS2 on simplification of laws; simplify without oversimplifying.
I would trade all of my technology for an afternoon with Socrates.
— Steve JobsAs quoted in Newsweek (29 October 2001), "The Classroom Of The Future"
Use itEssay on technology vs wisdom; argue wisdom outranks technical power.
It is not truth that makes man great, but man that makes truth great.
— ConfuciusAs quoted in The Importance of Living (1937) by Lin Yutang, p. v
Use itEssay: truth matters only when people live it.
It takes two to speak the truth, — one to speak, and another to hear.
— Henry David ThoreauA Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers (1849) / Wednesday
Use itEssay on communication or dialogue; truth needs both honest speakers and willing listeners.
Truth is as impossible to be soiled by any outward touch as the sunbeam.
— John MiltonThe Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce (1643), Introduction. Compare: "The sun, which passeth through pollutions and itself remains as pure
Use itEssay on truth: it remains pure regardless of attacks.
The truth doesn't die. The desire for liberty cannot be fully suppressed.
— John F. KennedyAddress at the Free University of Berlin
Use itEssay on freedom movements; truth and desire for liberty cannot be suppressed.
We should be considerate to the living; to the dead we owe only the truth.
Use itGS1/Essay: on writing history honestly; owe truth to the past, not flattery.
The least initial deviation from the truth is multiplied later a thousandfold.
— AristotleI.5. 271b8-10. This line begins the Prologue of Mortimer J. Adler’s book, Ten Philosophical Mistakes
Use itEssay/GS4: small early errors magnify; get foundations right.
Plato is my friend — Aristotle is my friend — but my greatest friend is truth.
Use itEssay/GS4: loyalty to truth over loyalty to authorities or friends.
Truth & WisdomEssayGS4Interview
Never underestimate the role of luck in the fate of individuals or of nations.
— Milton FriedmanCh. 9 Chile and Israel: Identical Policies, Opposite Outcomes
Use itInterview/Life: humility about luck in success of people and nations.
For such Truth as opposeth no man's profit nor pleasure is to all men welcome.
— Thomas HobbesReview and Conclusion, p. 396 (Last text line)
Use itEssay on truth: truths that threaten no one's profit are welcomed; inconvenient ones resisted.
No amount of propaganda can make right something that the world knows is wrong.
— Barack ObamaAddress to European Youth (March 2014)
Use itEssay on propaganda: no spin can make right what the world knows is wrong.
It is a familiar and significant saying that a problem well-put is half-solved.
— John Dewey"The Pattern of Inquiry"
Use itGS4 case studies: define the problem precisely first—half the solution.
For truth itself has not the privilege to be spoken at all times and in all sorts.
— Michel de MontaigneBook III, Ch. 13. Of Experience
Use itGS4: truth must be spoken with discretion and tact; ethics of disclosure.
and where men build on false grounds, the more they build, the greater is the ruine:
— Thomas HobbesThe Second Part, Chapter 26, p. 140
Use itEssay/GS2: building on false foundations multiplies ruin; get basics right.
There is not a truth existing which I fear or would wish unknown to the whole world.
— Thomas JeffersonLetter to Henry Lee (15 May 1826)
Use itGS4 on transparency: fear no truth being known to the world.
It is better to be unhappy and know the worst, than to be happy in a fool's paradise!
— Fyodor DostoyevskyPart 4, Chapter 5 (tr. Frederick Whishaw, 1887)
Use itGS4/Life: facing hard truth beats comfortable illusion; use on honest feedback and data.
He who has the truth at his heart need never fear the want of persuasion on his tongue.
— John RuskinVolume III, chapter II, section 99
Use itInterview: sincerity persuades; truth needs no rhetorical tricks.
Time destroys the figments of the imagination, while confirming the judgments of nature.
— Cicero
Use itEssay: time exposes illusions and confirms truths.
The truth comes as conqueror only because we have lost the art of receiving it as guest.
— Rabindranath TagoreThe Fourfold Way of India (1924); this has become paraphrased as "Truth comes as conqueror only to those who have lost the art of receiving
Use itEssay on openness; truth forces itself on us when we fail to welcome it.
Time's glory is to calm contending kings, To unmask falsehood, and bring truth to light.
— William ShakespeareThe Rape of Lucrece
Use itEssay: time eventually exposes falsehood and reveals truth.
All men know the utility of useful things; but they do not know the utility of futility.
— ZhuangziCh. 4 (tr. Lin Yutang, 1942)
Use itEssay on humanities/leisure: the use of the seemingly useless.
Nothing in the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity.
— Martin Luther King Jr.Ch. 4 : Love in action, Sct. 3
Use itGS4: sincere ignorance is more dangerous than malice—on informed decision-making.
Truth is ever to be found in simplicity, and not in the multiplicity and confusion of things.
— Isaac NewtonCited in Rules for methodizing the Apocalypse, Rule 9, from a manuscript published in The Religion of Isaac Newton (1974) by Frank E. Manuel
Use itEssay/GS2: simplicity in law and policy reveals truth better than complexity.
One does not decide the truth of a thought according to whether it is right-wing or left-wing.
— Albert CamusLetter to Jean-Paul Sartre, 30 June 1952
Use itEssay on polarisation; judge ideas on merit, not ideology.
The forceps of our minds are clumsy forceps, and crush the truth a little in taking hold of it.
— H. G. WellsAppendix, Scepticism of the Instrument
Use itEssay: human understanding always distorts truth a little; humility in knowledge.
A man may die, nations may rise and fall, but an idea lives on. Ideas have endurance without death.
— John F. KennedyRemarks Recorded for the Opening of a USIA Transmitter at Greenville, North Carolina (8 February 1963) Audio at JFK Library (01:29 - 01:40)
Use itEssay conclusion: individuals perish, but ideas like Gandhi's endure.
To understand the actual world as it is, not as we should wish it to be, is the beginning of wisdom.
— Bertrand RussellMortals and Others (1931-35)
Use itEssay: understanding the world as it is, not as wished, begins wisdom.
Truth & WisdomEssayGS4Life
The inclination to seek the truth is safer than the presumption which regards unknown things as known.
— Augustine of Hippo(Cambridge: 2002), Book 9, Chapter 1, p. 24
Use itGS4 on intellectual humility: seeking truth beats presuming to know.
Superstition is marked not by its pretension to a body of knowledge but by its method of seeking truth.
— Carl SaganThe Varieties of Scientific Experience: A Personal View of the Search for God (2006)
Use itEssay on superstition vs science; method of seeking truth separates them.
Truth does not pay homage to any society, ancient or modern. Society has to pay homage to Truth or die.
— Swami VivekanandaPearls of Wisdom
Use itEssay on social reform: society must bow to truth or decay.
Lead us from the unreal to the real. Lead us from darkness to light. Lead us from death to immortality.
— UpanishadsBrihadaranyaka Upanishad, 1.3.28
Use itEssay conclusion: 'Asato ma sadgamaya' — from darkness to light.
Nothing that was worthy in the past departs; no truth or goodness realized by man ever dies, or can die.
— Thomas CarlyleSir Walter Scott (1838)
Use itEssay conclusion: no truth or goodness achieved by humanity ever dies.
It is always better to have no ideas than false ones; to believe nothing, than to believe what is wrong.
— Thomas JeffersonLetter From Thomas Jefferson to the Rev. James Madison, 19 July 1788
Use itEssay on misinformation: better no ideas than false ones.
Of course, when you are winning a war almost everything that happens can be claimed to be right and wise.
— Winston ChurchillIn The Second World War, Volume V : Closing the Ring (1952) Chapter 12 (Island Prizes Lost)
Use itEssay: success makes every decision look wise; judge on merit.
I suppose it is tempting, if the only tool you have is a hammer, to treat everything as if it were a nail.
— Abraham MaslowThe Psychology of Science: A Reconnaissance (1966), ch. 2, p. 15
Use itGS4/Essay: warn against one-size-fits-all solutions and narrow thinking.
Truth, like light, blinds. Falsehood, on the contrary, is a beautiful twilight that enhances every object.
— Albert CamusThe Fall (1956)
Use itEssay on truth; truth is harsh while falsehood flatters.
Loyalty to petrified opinions never yet broke a chain or freed a human soul in this world — and never will.
— Mark Twain"Consistency" (5 December 1887). This quote is engraved on Twain's bust in the National Hall of Fame
Use itEssay on social reform; loyalty to outdated opinions never freed anyone.
In order that all men may be taught to speak truth, it is necessary that all likewise should learn to hear it.
— Samuel JohnsonNo. 96 (16 February 1751)
Use itGS4: organisational culture must welcome truth for people to speak it.
Great wisdom is generous; petty wisdom is contentious. Great speech is impassioned, small speech cantankerous.
— ZhuangziCh. 2 (tr. Lin Yutang, 1942)
Use itGS4/Life: true wisdom is generous; petty wisdom quarrels.
It is more from carelessness about truth than from intentional lying, that there is so much falsehood in the world.
— Samuel JohnsonDr. Johnson's Table Talk (London: 1807), p. 67
Use itEssay on misinformation: carelessness spreads more falsehood than deliberate lies.
In order to seek truth, it is necessary once in the course of our life, to doubt, as far as possible, of all things.
— René Descartes{{cite book
Use itEssay on scientific temper; doubt everything once to seek truth.
To convince someone of the truth, it is not enough to state it, but rather one must find the path from error to truth.
— Ludwig WittgensteinCh. 7: Remarks on Frazer's Golden Bough, p. 119
Use itGS4 on persuasion; stating truth isn't enough—guide people from misinformation to truth.
Have patience awhile; slanders are not long-lived. Truth is the child of time; erelong she shall appear to vindicate thee.
— Immanuel KantAs quoted in Gems of Thought (1888) edited by Charles Northend
Use itLife/GS4: when falsely accused, be patient—truth emerges with time.
For me, it is far better to grasp the Universe as it really is than to persist in delusion, however satisfying and reassuring.
— Carl SaganCh. 1 : The Most Precious Thing, p. 12
Use itEssay on truth vs comfort; prefer reality over reassuring delusion.
Truth & WisdomEssayGS4Life
We are not afraid to follow truth wherever it may lead, nor to tolerate any error so long as reason is left free to combat it.
— Thomas JeffersonLetter to William Roscoe (27 December 1820)
Use itEssay on free inquiry: follow truth anywhere; tolerate error while reason is free.
To love truth for truth's sake is the principal part of human perfection in this world, and the seed-plot of all other virtues.
— John LockeLetter to Anthony Collins (29 October 1703)
Use itGS4: love of truth as the root of all other virtues.
The fundamental cause of the trouble is that in the modern world the stupid are cocksure while the intelligent are full of doubt.
Use itEssay on misinformation: the stupid are cocksure while the intelligent doubt.
Unless we... construct institutions that invest in truth, we'll be flooded by fiction.., illusion.., delusion and junk information.
— Yuval Noah HarariThe Collapse of Truth (Dec 11, 2025)
Use itGS2/Essay on misinformation; build institutions that invest in truth.
Man is a credulous animal, and must believe something; in the absence of good grounds for belief, he will be satisfied with bad ones.
— Bertrand RussellUnpopular Essays (1950)
Use itEssay on fake news: lacking good grounds, people believe bad ones.
Lessing, the most honest of theoretical men, dared to say that he took greater delight in the quest for truth than in the truth itself.
Use itEssay on learning: the search for truth matters as much as the truth itself.
It is unwise to be too sure of one's own wisdom. It is healthy to be reminded that the strongest might weaken and the wisest might err.
— Mahatma GandhiHarijan (17 February 1940)
Use itGS4 on intellectual humility; even the wisest may err.
Where there is a lull of truth, an institution springs up. But the truth blows right on over it, nevertheless, and at length blows it down.
Use itEssay on institutions; truth eventually overturns institutions built on falsehood.
All truth is eternal. Truth is nobody’s property; no race, no individual can lay any exclusive claim to it. Truth is the nature of all souls.
— Swami VivekanandaPearls of Wisdom
Use itEssay on universal truth: no race or individual owns truth.
There's a whole bunch of things I don't know a thing about — I just stay away from those. So, I stay within what I call my circle of competence.
— Warren BuffettRules for success
Use itInterview: admit limits; operate within your circle of competence.
Here the ways of men part: if you wish to strive for peace of soul and pleasure, then believe; if you wish to be a devotee of truth, then inquire.
— Friedrich NietzscheLetter to Elisabeth Nietzsche, Bonn, 1865-06-11, quoted as epigraph in Walter Kaufmann, The Faith of a Heretic (1961)
Use itEssay on faith vs reason: comfort comes from belief, truth from inquiry.
The well-meaning contention that all ideas have equal merit seems to me little different from the disastrous contention that no ideas have any merit.
— Carl SaganIntroduction (p. xii)
Use itEssay on post-truth era; false equivalence of ideas is as harmful as nihilism.
Truth is a shining goddess, always veiled, always distant, never wholly approachable, but worthy of all the devotion of which the human spirit is capable.
— Bertrand RussellFact and Fiction (1961), Part II, Ch. 10: "University Education", p. 153
Use itEssay on truth: never wholly reached, yet worthy of all our devotion.
Mistaken ideas always end in bloodshed, but in every case it is someone else's blood. That is why some of our thinkers feel free to say just about anything.
Use itGS4 on responsibility of intellectuals; reckless ideas cost others' lives.
All true opinions are living, and show their life by being capable of nourishment; therefore of change. But their change is that of a tree — not of a cloud.
— John RuskinVolume V, Preface (1860)
Use itInterview: changing views with growth, not flip-flopping; opinions evolve organically.
No man of sense can put himself and his soul under the control of names... You must consider courageously and thoroughly and not accept anything carelessly.
— Plato
Use itEssay on critical thinking; examine ideas thoroughly instead of accepting labels blindly.
In debate, one randomly was assigned to one side or the other. This had at least one virtue — it made one see that there was more than one side to these complex issues.
— Joseph StiglitzAutobiographical Essay (2001)
Use itInterview: debating teaches that complex issues have many sides.
Whenever a theory appears to you as the only possible one, take this as a sign that you have neither understood the theory nor the problem which it was intended to solve.
— Karl PopperObjective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach (1972)
Use itInterview: beware certainty; one 'only possible' answer signals poor understanding.
Man has three ways of acting wisely. First, on meditation; that is the noblest. Secondly, on imitation; that is the easiest. Thirdly, on experience; that is the bitterest.
— ConfuciusThe Analects, as reported in Chambers Dictionary of Quotations (1997), p. 279
Use itEssay: wisdom via reflection, imitation or bitter experience; argue for reflection.
Great men are they who see that spiritual is stronger than any material force, that thoughts rule the world. No hope so bright but is the beginning of its own fulfillment.
— Ralph Waldo EmersonProgress of Culture Phi Beta Kappa Address (July 18, 1867)
Use itEssay on power of ideas; thoughts rule the world, and hope begins its own fulfilment.
A thought is an arrow shot at the truth; it can hit a point, but not cover the whole target. But the archer is too well satisfied with his success to ask anything farther.
— Sri AurobindoThoughts and Aphorisms (1913) / Jnana
Use itEssay: each viewpoint hits part of the truth; humility about partial knowledge.
Man has much power of discourse which for the most part is vain and false; animals have but little, but it is useful and true, and a small truth is better than a great lie.
— Leonardo da VinciThe Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci (1883) / XIX Philosophical Maxims. Morals. Polemics and Speculations
Use itGS4: a small truth is better than a great lie; on honest communication.
The most important secular commitment is to the truth, which is based on observation and evidence rather than on mere faith. Seculars strive not to confuse truth with belief.
— Yuval Noah Harari21 Lessons for the 21st Century (2018)
Use itEssay/GS4: secular commitment to evidence; don't confuse truth with belief.
Those who forget good and evil and seek only to know the facts are more likely to achieve good than those who view the world through the distorting medium of their own desires.
— Bertrand RussellCh. 1: Mysticism and Logic
Use itGS4 on objectivity: seeing facts free of desires achieves more good.
Truth at last cannot be hidden. Dissimulation is of no avail. Dissimulation is to no purpose before so great a judge. Falsehood puts on a mask. Nothing is hidden under the sun.
— Leonardo da VinciThe Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci (1883) / X Studies and Sketches for Pictures and Decorations
Use itGS4: deception eventually exposed; transparency is wiser.
All exact science is dominated by the idea of approximation. When a man tells you that he knows the exact truth about anything, you are safe in inferring that he is an inexact man.
— Bertrand RussellThe Scientific Outlook (1931), Part I, chapter II, "Characteristics of the Scientific Method"
Use itEssay on certainty: claims of exact truth signal an inexact person.
An error does not become truth by reason of multiplied propagation, nor does truth become error because nobody sees it. Truth stands, even if there be no public support. It is self sustained.
— Mahatma GandhiYoung India 1924-1926 (1927), p. 1285
Use itGS4/Essay on fake news; repetition doesn't make error true—truth needs no public support.
Our credulity is a part of the imperfection of our natures. It is inherent in us to desire to generalize, when we ought, on the contrary, to guard ourselves very carefully from this tendency.
— NapoleonNapoleon : In His Own Words (1916)
Use itEssay on misinformation: credulity and over-generalisation as human flaws.
For it was my master who taught me not only how very little I knew but also that any wisdom to which I might ever aspire could consist only in realizing more fully the infinity of my ignorance.
Use itInterview: humility in knowledge; wisdom is knowing how much you don't know.
I believe that a scientist looking at nonscientific problems is just as dumb as the next guy — and when he talks about a nonscientific matter, he will sound as naive as anyone untrained in the matter.
— Richard FeynmanThe Value of Science (1955)
Use itEssay on limits of expertise; experts outside their field are as naive as anyone.
The eye of outward sense is as the palm of a hand, The whole of the object is not grasped in the palm. The sea itself is one thing, the foam another; Neglect the foam, and regard the sea with your eyes.
— RumiIII, Story 5 (tr. Whinfield)
Use itEssay: look beyond surface appearances to the deeper reality.
Rarely do we arrive at the summit of truth without running into extremes; we have frequently to exhaust the part of error, and even of folly, before we work our way up to the noble goal of tranquil wisdom.
— Friedrich SchillerPrefatory Remarks
Use itEssay: wisdom often comes after exhausting error and extremes; value of learning from mistakes.
New truth is often uncomfortable, especially to the holders of power; nevertheless, amid the long record of cruelty and bigotry, it is the most important achievement of our intelligent but wayward species. '
— Bertrand RussellReligion and Science (1935), Ch. X: Conclusion
Use itEssay on truth and power: new truth discomforts power yet is humanity's greatest achievement.
The silent colossal National Lie that is the support and confederate of all the tyrannies and shams and inequalities and unfairnesses that afflict the peoples — that is the one to throw bricks and sermons at.
— Mark Twain"My First Lie, and How I Got Out of It", in The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg and Other Stories and Essays (1900)
Use itEssay: collective silent lies sustain tyrannies and inequalities.
It might be plausibly maintained, that in almost every one of the leading controversies, past or present, in social philosophy, both sides were in the right in what they affirmed, though wrong in what they denied.
— John Stuart MillJ. S. Mill, Dissertations and discussions: political, philosophical, and historical, Volume 2, H. Holt, 1864, p. 11
Use itInterview: handle controversial questions by acknowledging both sides' valid claims.
The discovery of truth is prevented more effectively, not by the false appearance things present and which mislead into error, not directly by weakness of the reasoning powers, but by preconceived opinion, by prejudice.
Use itGS4 on bias; prejudice blocks truth more than error.
The deepest thinking is humble. It is only concerned that the flame of truth which it keeps alive should burn with the strongest and purest heat; it does not trouble about the distance to which its brightness penetrates.
— Albert SchweitzerCh. XVI : Looking Backward and Forward, p. 257
Use itGS4/Essay on humility; true thinkers care for truth, not fame.
In our reasonings concerning matter of fact, there are all imaginable degrees of assurance, from the highest certainty to the lowest species of moral evidence. A wise man, therefore, proportions his belief to the evidence.
— David HumeSection X: Of Miracles; Part I. 87
Use itEssay/GS4: a wise person proportions belief to evidence.
If there are certain pages of Mr Bertrand Russell's book, Power, which seem rather empty, that is merely to say that we have now sunk to a depth at which the restatement of the obvious is the first duty of intelligent men.
— George OrwellReview of Power: A New Social Analysis by Bertrand Russell in The Adelphi (January 1939)
Use itEssay: in troubled times, restating obvious truths becomes a duty of the intelligent.
Where men are the most sure and arrogant, they are commonly the most mistaken, and have there given reins to passion, without that proper deliberation and suspense, which can alone secure them from the grossest absurdities.
— David Hume§ 9.13 : Conclusion, Pt. 1
Use itGS4/Essay: arrogance and certainty breed error; value deliberation.
False and doubtful positions, relied upon as unquestionable maxims, keep those who build on them in the dark from truth. Such are usually the prejudices imbibed from education, party, reverence, fashion, interest, et cetera.
Use itGS4: unexamined prejudices from party, fashion and interest block truth.
Who may be called a paramahamsa? He who, like a swan, can take the milk from a mixture of milk and water, leaving aside the water. He who, like an ant, can take the sugar from a mixture of sugar and sand, leaving aside the sand.
Use itGS4 on discernment; like a swan, extract the essential and leave the rest.
Faith which refuses to face indisputable facts is but little faith. Truth is always gain, however hard it is to accommodate ourselves to it. To linger in any kind of untruth proves to be a departure from the straight way of faith.
Use itGS4 on intellectual honesty; face hard facts rather than cling to comfortable untruths.
I did not know that mankind were suffering for want of gold. I have seen a little of it. I know that it is very malleable, but not so malleable as wit. A grain of gold will gild a great surface, but not so much as a grain of wisdom.
Use itEssay on wealth vs wisdom; a grain of wisdom outweighs gold in value.
The guidelines for achieving wisdom consist of three leading maxims: 1) Think for yourself; 2) (in communication with other people) Put yourself in the place of the other person; 3) Always think by remaining faithful to your own self.
— Immanuel KantKant, Immanuel (1996), page 95
Use itGS4: three maxims—independent thought, empathy, and staying true to oneself.
There always comes a time in history when the person who dares to say that 2+2=4 is punished by death. And the issue is not what reward or what punishment will be the outcome of that reasoning. The issue is simply whether or not 2+2=4.
— Albert CamusThe Plague (1947)
Use itGS4/Essay on speaking truth to power; truth stands regardless of punishment.
If any man can convince me and bring home to me that I do not think or act aright, gladly will I change; for I search after truth, by which man never yet was harmed. But he is harmed who abideth on still in his deception and ignorance.
— Marcus AureliusVariant translation: If someone is able to show me that what I think or do is not right, I will happily change, for I seek the truth, by whi
Use itInterview/GS4: openness to correction; truth never harms, ignorance does.
Wisdom is not communicable. The wisdom which a wise man tries to communicate always sounds foolish... Knowledge can be communicated, but not wisdom. One can find it, live it, do wonders through it, but one cannot communicate and teach it.
— Hermann HesseSiddhartha (1922)
Use itEssay on education; knowledge can be taught but wisdom must be lived.
A critique is not a matter of saying that things are not right as they are. It is a matter of pointing out on what kinds of assumptions, what kinds of familiar, unchallenged, unconsidered modes of thought the practices that we accept rest.
— Michel Foucault“Practicing criticism, or, is it really important to think?”, interview by Didier Eribon, May 30-31, 1981, in Politics, Philosophy, Culture,
Use itEssay intro: true critique questions unexamined assumptions behind practices.
Reality is, after all, too big for our frail understanding to fully comprehend. Nevertheless, we have to build our life on the theory which contains the maximum truth. We cannot sit still because we cannot, or do not , know the Absolute Truth.
— Subhas Chandra BoseAs quoted in An Indian pilgrim: an unfinished autobiography (1997) by himself, Sisir Kumar Bose, and Sugata Bose, p. 124
Use itGS4: act on the best available truth despite uncertainty; decision-making under incomplete knowledge.
All students of man and society who possess that first requisite for so difficult a study, a due sense of its difficulties, are aware that the besetting danger is not so much of embracing falsehood for true, as of mistaking part of the truth for the whole.
— John Stuart Mill“Coleridge”. London and Westminster Review. (March 1840)
Use itEssay intro on complex issues: danger is taking partial truth as whole.
I do see one large and grievous kind of ignorance, separate from the rest, and as weighty as all the other parts put together. Thinking that one knows a thing when one does not know it. Through this, I believe, all the mistakes of the mind are caused in all of us.
— Plato
Use itGS4/Essay: false certainty is the gravest ignorance; value intellectual humility.
I wish to propose for the reader's favourable consideration a doctrine which may, I fear, appear wildly paradoxical and subversive. The doctrine in question is this: that it is undesirable to believe a proposition when there is no ground whatever for supposing it true.
— Bertrand RussellCh. 1: The Value of Scepticism
Use itEssay on misinformation: don't believe a claim without grounds for its truth.
The greatest thing a human soul ever does in this world is to see something, and tell what it saw in a plain way. Hundreds of people can talk for one who can think, but thousands can think for one who can see. To see clearly is poetry, prophecy, and religion, — all in one.
— John RuskinVolume III, part IV, chapter XVI (1856)
Use itEssay on clear thinking: seeing clearly and stating it plainly is rare.
For the trouble with lying and deceiving is that their efficiency depends entirely upon a clear notion of the truth that the liar and deceiver wishes to hide. In this sense, truth, even if it does not prevail in public, possesses an ineradicable primacy over all falsehoods.
— Hannah Arendt"Lying in Politics"
Use itEssay: every lie depends on the truth it hides; truth has ineradicable primacy.
Whenever you see a sweeping statement that a tremendous amount can come from a very small number of assumptions, you always find that it is false. There are usually a large number of implied assumptions that are far from obvious if you think about them sufficiently carefully.
— Richard Feynmanvolume II; lecture 26, "Lorentz Transformations of the Fields"; section 26-1, "The four-potential of a moving charge"; p. 26-2
Use itEssay/GS2 policy analysis: grand claims from few assumptions usually hide many unstated ones.
The ideal subject of totalitarian rule is not the convinced Nazi or the convinced Communist, but people for whom the distinction between fact and fiction (i.e., the reality of experience) and the distinction between true and false (i.e., the standards of thought) no longer exist.
Use itEssay on misinformation: people who can't tell fact from fiction are tyranny's ideal subjects.
The voice of the intellect is a soft one, but it does not rest until it has gained a hearing. Ultimately, after endlessly repeated rebuffs, it succeeds. This is one of the few points in which it may be optimistic about the future of mankind, but in itself it signifies not a little.
— Sigmund FreudThe Future of an Illusion (1927)
Use itEssay on reason: the intellect's voice is soft but persistent and prevails.
Wait for that wisest of all counselors, Time.
— PericlesFrom Plutarch, Lives, Pericles, sec. 18. See also the following source provided by the "1000 Quotes Project": Plutarch. Plutarch’s Lives, Vo
Use itLife/GS4: counsel patience in decisions; let time reveal the right course.
You have to study a great deal to know a little.
— MontesquieuPensées et Fragments Inédits de Montesquieu (1899)
Use itInterview: humility in learning — much study, little knowledge.
There is always a philosophy for lack of courage.
Use itGS4: rationalisations often mask a lack of courage.
One that confounds good and evil is an enemy to the good.
— Edmund BurkeSpeech in opening the impeachment of Warren Hastings (18 February 1788), quoted in The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke, Volume th
Use itGS4 on moral relativism: blurring good and evil harms the good.
The greatest deception men suffer is from their own opinions.
— Leonardo da VinciThe Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci (1883) / XIX Philosophical Maxims. Morals. Polemics and Speculations
Use itGS4 on cognitive bias; our own opinions deceive us most—need for open-mindedness.
Uncompromising thought is the luxury of the closeted recluse.
— Woodrow Wilson“The Leaders of Men”, (17 June 1890), p. 75
Use itGS4: governance requires pragmatic compromise; rigid purity is a recluse's luxury.
My thinking is first and last and always for the sake of my doing.
— William JamesSometimes paraphrased as "Thinking is for doing", perhaps originally by S.T. Fiske (1992)
Use itEssay: thought must translate into action.
They defend their errors as if they were defending their inheritance.
— Edmund BurkeSpeech on the Independence of Parliament (1780)
Use itGS4/Essay on confirmation bias: people defend errors like inheritance.
It is dangerous to be right in matters where established men are wrong.
Use itGS4: on whistleblowing; speaking truth against establishment carries risk.
Wonder is the feeling of a philosopher, and philosophy begins in wonder.
— Plato155d, The Dialogues of Plato, Volume 3, 1871, p. 377
Use itEssay intro on curiosity or philosophy; inquiry begins with wonder.
What then is, generally speaking, the truth of history? A fable agreed upon.
— NapoleonConversation with Emmanuel, comte de Las Cases (20 November 1816), Mémorial de Sainte Hélène, v. 4, p. 251. However, the phrase predates Nap
Use itEssay on history: history as a 'fable agreed upon'; question narratives.
As a rule we disbelieve all the facts and theories for which we have no use.
— William James"The Will to Believe" p. 10
Use itGS4/Essay on confirmation bias; we reject facts that don't suit us.
False words are not only evil in themselves, but they infect the soul with evil.
— SocratesPhaedo 115e
Use itGS4: falsehood corrupts the speaker's character, not just the listener.
Every man takes the limits of his own field of vision for the limits of the world.
— Arthur Schopenhauer"Psychological Observations"
Use itGS4/Essay on narrow perspective; people mistake their view for the whole world.
Not taking risks one doesn't understand is often the best form of risk management.
— Raghuram RajanFrom his book: Fault Lines: How Hidden Fractures Still Threaten the World Economy (2010)
Use itGS3 on financial regulation; avoiding risks one doesn't understand is prudent risk management.
It is doubtless impossible to approach any human problems with a mind free from bias.
— Simone de BeauvoirIntroduction : Woman as Other
Use itGS4: acknowledge inherent bias when approaching human problems.
Most of the change we think we see in life Is due to truths being in and out of favor.
— Robert FrostThe Black Cottage
Use itEssay on social change; much apparent change is old truths moving in and out of favour.
The better part of valour is discretion; in the which better part I have saved my life.
— William ShakespeareFalstaff, Act V, scene iv
Use itGS4/Life: discretion is a part of courage; prudence over recklessness.
Whenever you find yourself on the side of the majority, it is time to pause and reflect.
— Mark TwainMark Twain (2016). “The Wit and Wisdom of Mark Twain”, p.97, Chartwell
Use itGS4: when you're with the majority, pause and reflect—guard against groupthink.
How many things served us yesterday for articles of faith, which today are fables for us?
Use itEssay on changing beliefs: today's certainties become tomorrow's fables.
You do ill if you praise, and still worse if you reprove in a matter you do not understand.
— Leonardo da VinciThe Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci (1883) / XIX Philosophical Maxims. Morals. Polemics and Speculations
Use itGS4: judge only what you understand; caution against uninformed praise or criticism.
The fool has one great advantage over a man of sense — he is always satisfied with himself.
— NapoleonNapoleon : In His Own Words (1916)
Use itLife: self-satisfaction as a fool's trait; growth needs self-critique.
Anyone who holds a true opinion without understanding is like a blind man on the right road.
— SocratesPlato, Republic, 506c
Use itEssay: right opinions without understanding are fragile; value of conceptual clarity.
I am sure, zeal or love for truth can never permit falsehood to be used in the defence of it.
Use itGS4: ends vs means; a good cause never justifies lying.
Right is of no sex, Truth is of no color, God is the Father of us all, and we are all Brethren.
— Frederick DouglassDouglass' chosen motto for his weekly publication The North Star. It appeared on the first issue. As quoted in Maurice S. Lee (2009), The Ca
Use itEssay on universal equality: rights and truth know no gender, colour or race.
I do not want the peace that passeth understanding. I want the understanding which bringeth peace.
— Helen KellerQuoted in Henry More: The Rational Theology of a Cambridge Plattonist (1962) by Rabbi Aharon Lichtenstein, page 100
Use itEssay on peace-building; argue lasting peace comes from mutual understanding, not blind faith.
It is the duty of every man, so far as his ability extends, to detect and expose delusion and error.
— Thomas PaineThe Theophilanthropist: Containing Critical, Moral, Theological and Literary Essays, in Monthly Numbers, p. 387
Use itEssay on misinformation: each must expose delusion and error.
In any case, we do not advance the human cause by refusing to consider ideas that make us frightened.
— Carl SaganChapter 25, “The Amniotic Universe” (p. 364)
Use itEssay/GS4: intellectual courage to engage uncomfortable ideas is needed for progress.
CourageTruth & WisdomEssayGS4Interview
Men reject their prophets and slay them, but they love their martyrs and honor those they have slain.
— Fyodor DostoyevskyThe Brothers Karamazov (1879–1880)
Use itEssay on reformers: societies resist visionaries in life and revere them after death.
It is one thing to show a man that he is in error, and another to put him in possession of the truth.
Use itEssay on fighting misinformation; debunking error is not the same as teaching truth.
I like friends who have independent minds because they tend to make you see problems from all angles.
— Nelson MandelaNelson Mandela on friendship, From his unpublished autobiographical manuscript written in 1975. Source: From Nelson Mandela By Himself: The
Use itLife: value friends with independent minds who widen your view.
The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways. The point, however, is to change it.
Use itEssay: theory must lead to action; interpretation without change is incomplete.
The attempt to combine wisdom and power has only rarely been successful, and then only for a short while.
— Albert EinsteinThe New Quotable Einstein
Use itEssay on philosopher-kings; wisdom and power seldom coexist long.
No student knows his subject: the most he knows is where and how to find out the things he does not know.
— Woodrow WilsonSection V: “The Parliament of the People”, p. 100
Use itInterview: knowing where to find answers matters more than knowing all.
Reason well from the beginning and then there will never be any need to look back with confusion and doubt.
— Dalai Lama (14th)The Path to Enlightenment (1994)
Use itGS4 on decision making; sound reasoning upfront avoids later doubt.
Do not wonder, if the common people speak more truly than those of high rank; for they speak with more safety.
Use itGS4: those with little to lose speak truth; why leaders must listen to grassroots voices.
What then is time? If no one asks me, I know what it is. If I wish to explain it to him who asks, I do not know.
Use itEssay intro on time: familiar yet impossible to define.
A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds, adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines.
— Ralph Waldo EmersonSelf-Reliance (1841)
Use itInterview/GS4: justify changing a stance with new evidence; rigid consistency is narrow-minded.
Theoretical approaches have their place and are, I suppose, essential but a theory must be tempered with reality.
— Jawaharlal NehruJawaharlal Nehru's Speeches 1949 - 1953 (1954), p. 235
Use itGS2/GS4: temper theory with ground realities in policy-making.
As you listen to the present controversy about pesticides, I recommend that you ask yourself-Who speaks? And Why?
— Rachel CarsonSpeech to Garden Club of America (Jan 8 1963)
Use itEssay on misinformation; in any controversy ask who speaks and why.
To change your mind and to follow him who sets you right is to be nonetheless the free agent that you were before.
— Marcus AureliusRemember that to change thy opinion and to follow him who corrects thy error is as consistent with freedom as it is to persist in thy error.
Use itInterview: changing your mind when corrected doesn't reduce your freedom.
Fiction is Truth's elder sister. Obviously. No one in the world knew what truth was till some one had told a story.
— Rudyard Kipling"Fiction", speech to the Royal Society of Literature, June 1926; published in Writings on Writing: Rudyard Kipling (1996), ed. Sandra Kemp a
Use itEssay on literature's role: stories reveal truths facts cannot.
To save the world requires faith and courage: faith in reason, and courage to proclaim what reason shows to be true.
— Bertrand RussellThe Prospects of Industrial Civilization (1923)
Use itGS4 on moral courage: faith in reason and courage to proclaim truth.
The degree of one's emotion varies inversely with one's knowledge of the facts – the less you know the hotter you get.
— Bertrand RussellAttributed to Russell in Distilled Wisdom (1964) by Alfred Armand Montapert, p. 145
Use itGS4/Essay on polarised debates: the less you know, the hotter you get.
So little pains do the vulgar take in the investigation of truth, accepting readily the first story that comes to hand.
— ThucydidesVariant translation: "...the search for truth strains the patience of most people, who would rather believe the first things that come to ha
Use itEssay on fake news: people accept the first story without verifying.
People almost invariably arrive at their beliefs not on the basis of proof but on the basis of what they find attractive.
— Blaise PascalDe l'Art de persuader ["On the Art of Persuasion"], written 1658; published posthumously
Use itGS4 on cognitive bias: beliefs follow attraction, not proof.
All the greatest things are simple, and many can be expressed in a single word: Freedom; Justice; Honour; Duty; Mercy; Hope.
— Winston ChurchillUnited Europe Meeting, Albert Hall, London (May 14, 1947). Cited in Churchill by Himself, ed. Langworth, PublicAffairs (2008), p. 26
Use itGS4/Essay intro: the greatest values are simple—freedom, justice, duty, mercy.
To believe blindly is to degenerate the human soul. Be an atheist if you want, but do not believe in anything unquestioningly.
— Swami VivekanandaPearls of Wisdom
Use itEssay on rational inquiry: question everything; blind belief degrades the mind.
Thus I have explained to you the most confidential of all knowledge. Deliberate on this fully, and then do what you wish to do.
— Bhagavad GitaChapter 18, verse 63; trans. A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda
Use itGS4 on autonomy: offer knowledge, then let people deliberate and choose freely.
They say we offer simple answers to complex problems. Well, perhaps there is a simple answer — not an easy answer — but simple.
— Ronald ReaganIn some published transcripts or quotations of this speech a variant of this statement appears immediately before the quote by Churchill bel
Use itGS2/Essay: complex problems may have simple answers, but not easy ones.
The use of traveling is to regulate imagination by reality, and instead of thinking how things may be, to see them as they are.
Use itEssay on travel/field exposure: replacing imagination with reality; Bharat Darshan.
Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider.
— Francis BaconOf Studies
Use itEssay on critical thinking; read to weigh and consider, not to accept or refute blindly.
The wise man should restrain his senses like the crane and accomplish his purpose with due knowledge of his place, time and ability.
Use itGS4/Life on discipline; restrain senses and act with knowledge of place, time and ability.
It is the patient building of character, the intense struggle to realize the truth, which alone will tell in the future of humanity.
— Swami VivekanandaPearls of Wisdom
Use itGS4/Essay: humanity's future depends on patient character building, not quick fixes.
Experience never errs; it is only your judgments that err by promising themselves effects such as are not caused by your experiments.
— Leonardo da VinciThe Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci (1883) / XIX Philosophical Maxims. Morals. Polemics and Speculations
Use itEssay on evidence-based policy; errors lie in our judgments, not in observed data.
A reliable way to make people believe in falsehoods is frequent repetition, because familiarity is not easily distinguished from truth.
— Daniel KahnemanCh. 5, "Cognitive ease" p. 62
Use itEssay on misinformation; repetition makes lies feel true.
Yesterday we obeyed kings and bent our necks before emperors. But today we kneel only to truth, follow only beauty, and obey only love.
— Kahlil GibranChildren of Gods, Scions of Apes
Use itEssay on transition from monarchy to democracy; allegiance to truth, not rulers.
Our comforting conviction that the world makes sense rests on a secure foundation: our almost unlimited ability to ignore our ignorance.
— Daniel KahnemanCh. 19, "The illusion of understanding" p. 201
Use itEssay on intellectual humility; our sense the world makes sense rests on ignoring ignorance.
The shaft of the arrow had been feathered with one of the eagle's own plumes. We often give our enemies the means of our own destruction.
— AesopThe Eagle and the Arrow
Use itGS3 security; nations often arm their own adversaries, e.g. self-created threats.
A fool associating himself with a wise man all his life sees not the truth, even as the spoon enjoys not the taste of the soup. (Verse 64)
— DhammapadaTranslator: Anonymous. Verses published by the Cunningham Press, USA; reissued by the Theosophy Company, Bombay, 1957
Use itEssay on learning: proximity to wisdom is useless without receptivity.
Everyone believes in the atrocities of the enemy and disbelieves in those of his own side, without ever bothering to examine the evidence.
— George Orwell"Looking Back on the Spanish War" (Autumn 1942)
Use itEssay on polarisation and fake news: people believe enemy atrocities, ignore their own side's.
Of all evils of war the greatest is the purely spiritual evil: the hatred, the injustice, the repudiation of truth, the artificial conflict.
— Bertrand RussellJustice in War-Time (1916), p. 27
Use itEssay on war: its greatest evil is spiritual — hatred, injustice and denial of truth.
It is only by prudence, wisdom, and dexterity, that great ends are attained and obstacles overcome. Without these qualities nothing succeeds.
— NapoleonNapoleon : In His Own Words (1916)
Use itGS4: prudence, wisdom and dexterity in achieving great ends.
You could attach prices to thoughts. Some cost a lot, some a little. And how does one pay for thoughts? The answer, I think, is: with courage.
Use itEssay on original thinking; valuable ideas are paid for with courage.
Modern science has been a voyage into the unknown, with a lesson in humility waiting at every stop. Many passengers would rather have stayed home.
— Carl SaganPale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space (1994)
Use itEssay on science and humility; every discovery humbles human pride.
One is ashamed to say how little is needed for all men to be delivered from those calamities which now oppress them; it is only needful not to lie.
Use itGS4: honesty as simple cure for social ills; just don't lie.
All the great utterances of man have to be judged not by the letter but by the spirit — the spirit which unfolds itself with the growth of life in history.
Use itGS2 on Constitution as living document; read great texts by spirit, not letter.
Among the calamities of war may be justly numbered the diminution of the love of truth, by the falsehoods which interest dictates and credulity encourages.
— Samuel JohnsonNo. 30 (11 November 1758)
Use itEssay on war: truth is the first casualty; propaganda and credulity.
It is perfectly true, as the philosophers say, that life must be understood backwards. But they forget the other proposition, that it must be lived forwards.
Use itEssay on history/hindsight: life understood backwards, lived forwards.
We cling to our own point of view, as though everything depended on it. Yet our opinions have no permanence; like autumn and winter, they gradually pass away.
— ZhuangziCh. 2 (tr. Gia-Fu Feng and Jane English, 1974)
Use itGS4/Life: opinions are impermanent; hold views loosely.
Do not go outside yourself, return to yourself: truth dwells in the interiority of man and, if you find that your nature is changeable, transcend yourself too.
Use itGS4 on introspection: truth found within; transcend your changeable self.
One thing I have learned in a long life: that all our science, measured against reality, is primitive and childlike—and yet it is the most precious thing we have.
— Albert EinsteinLetter to Hans Muehsam (9 July 1951), Einstein Archives 38-408, quoted in The Ultimate Quotable Einstein (2010) by Alice Calaprice, p. 404
Use itEssay on science; humble about its limits yet valuing it supremely.
The whole of science... is a self-correcting mechanism. ...[S]cientific journals publish ...corrections to previous publications.., to past mistakes or past lacuna.
— Yuval Noah HarariThe Collapse of Truth (Dec 11, 2025)
Use itEssay: science is a self-correcting mechanism that admits mistakes.
There are times when we must sink to the bottom of our misery to understand truth, just as we must descend to the bottom of a well to see the stars in broad daylight.
— Václav HavelLiving in Truth (1986) / The Power of the Powerless
Use itLife: after failure; suffering can reveal truths invisible otherwise.
A little Learning is a dang'rous Thing; Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian Spring: There shallow Draughts intoxicate the Brain, And drinking largely sobers us again.
— Alexander Pope"An Essay on Criticism" (1709)
Use itEssay on half-knowledge and misinformation; shallow learning intoxicates, deep learning sobers.
The picture of the world that's presented to the public has only the remotest relation to reality. The truth of the matter is buried under edifice after edifice of lies upon lies.
— Noam Chomsky1990–1994 / Media Control: The Spectacular Achievements of Propaganda, (1991)
Use itEssay on propaganda: public image of the world often distorted from reality.
Indeed, wisdom is born of meditation; without meditation wisdom is lost. Knowing this twofold path of gain and loss of wisdom, one should conduct oneself so that wisdom may increase.
— Gautama BuddhaCh. 20, Verse 282
Use itLife/GS4: reflection and meditation cultivate wisdom; argue for mindfulness in public servants.
For us, with the rule of right and wrong given us by Christ, there is nothing for which we have no standard. And there is no greatness where there is not simplicity, goodness, and truth.
Use itGS4: greatness requires simplicity, goodness and truth.
A few months ago I told the American people I did not trade arms for hostages. My heart and my best intentions still tell me that's true, but the facts and the evidence tell me it is not.
— Ronald ReaganTelevision address (4 March 1987) on Iran-Contra affair
Use itGS4 case study: admitting error when evidence contradicts one's intentions; accountability.
There are many people who reach their conclusions about life like schoolboys; they cheat their master by copying the answer out of a book without having worked out the sum for themselves.
— Søren Kierkegaard17 January 1837
Use itEssay on rote learning: borrowed conclusions without working out the problem.
No lie you can speak or act but it will come, after longer or shorter circulation, like a Bill drawn on Nature's Reality, and be presented there for payment, — with the answer, No effects.
Use itGS4 on honesty: every lie eventually meets reality and fails.
Books, like conversation, rarely give us any precise ideas: nothing is so common as to read and converse unprofitably. We must here repeat what Locke has so strongly urged—Define your terms.
— Voltaire"Abuse of Words" (1764)
Use itEssay/answer writing: define key terms first for clarity.
We all have a tendency to think that the world must conform to our prejudices. The opposite view involves some effort of thought, and most people would die sooner than think – in fact they do so.
— Bertrand RussellThe ABC of Relativity (1925), p. 166
Use itGS4 on confirmation bias: we expect the world to fit our prejudices; thinking takes effort.
History is truly the witness of times past, the light of truth, the life of memory, the teacher of life, the messenger of antiquity; whose voice, but the orator's, can entrust her to immortality?
— Cicero
Use itGS1/Essay intro on value of history as teacher of life.
To lie is so vile, that even if it were in speaking well of godly things it would take off something from God's grace; and Truth is so excellent, that if it praises but small things they become noble.
— Leonardo da VinciThe Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci (1883) / XIX Philosophical Maxims. Morals. Polemics and Speculations
Use itGS4: lying is never justified even for good ends; truth ennobles even small things.
Truth gains more even by the errors of one who, with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think.
— John Stuart MillCh. II: Of the Liberty of Thought and Discussion
Use itEssay on critical thinking: independent thought beats borrowed truths.
The search for patterns without critical analysis, and rigid skepticism without a search for patterns, are the antipodes of incomplete science. The effective pursuit of knowledge requires both functions.
— Carl SaganChapter 7, “Lovers and Madmen” (p. 192)
Use itEssay on scientific method; balance open-minded pattern-seeking with rigorous scepticism.
Now we are dealing with potentially superintelligent agents. Nobody has any experience with building a hybrid human AI society. We should be a lot more humble... We think we know how to build it! No we don't!
— Yuval Noah Harari"Next Phase of Intelligence" (Jan 21, 2026)
Use itGS3/Essay on AI governance; humility needed in building human-AI society.
Ah! when will the yoke of Custom—Custom, the blind tyrant, of which all other tyrants make their slave—ah! when will that misery-perpetuating yoke be shaken off?—when, when will Reason be seated on her throne?
— Jeremy BenthamPlan of Parliamentary Reform, in the Form of a Catechism, with Reasons for Each Article: With an Introduction, Showing the Necessity of Radi
Use itEssay on social reform; blind custom as tyrant—e.g. dowry, caste, child marriage.
It is a mistake, too, to say that the face is the mirror of the soul. The truth is, men are very hard to know, and yet, not to be deceived, we must judge them by their present actions, but for the present only.
— NapoleonNapoleon : In His Own Words (1916)
Use itGS4: judge people by present actions, not appearances.
Men of learning are those who have read the contents of books. Thinkers, geniuses, and those who have enlightened the world and furthered the race of men, are those who have made direct use of the book of the world.
— Arthur Schopenhauer"Thinking for Oneself"
Use itEssay on knowledge vs wisdom; real thinkers learn from the world, not just books.
Before mass leaders seize the power to fit reality to their lies, their propaganda is marked by its extreme contempt for facts as such, for in their opinion fact depends entirely on the power of man who can fabricate it.
— Hannah ArendtOn "alternate facts"
Use itEssay on post-truth politics: demagogues show contempt for facts before seizing power.
We speak not strictly and philosophically when we talk of the combat of passion and of reason. Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them.
Use itGS4 thinkers: Hume's view that reason serves passions; contrast with Kant.
Whether the succeeding generation is to be more virtuous than their predecessors, I cannot say; but I am sure they will have more worldly wisdom, and enough, I hope, to know that honesty is the first chapter in the book of wisdom.
— Thomas JeffersonLetter to Nathaniel Macon (12 January 1819)
Use itGS4: honesty is the first chapter in the book of wisdom.
At least two thirds of our miseries spring from human stupidity, human malice, and those great motivators and justifiers of malice and stupidity, idealism, dogmatism and proselytizing zeal on behalf of religious or political idols.
— Aldous HuxleyTomorrow and Tomorrow and Tomorrow (1952)
Use itEssay on fanaticism; dogma and zeal justify malice and folly.
Then what should we work for? Only this: proper understanding; unselfish action; truthful speech. A resolve to accept whatever happens as necessary and familiar, flowing like water from that same source and spring. (Hays translation)
Use itGS4: aim for right understanding, unselfish action, truthful speech.
Human nature is not simple and any classification that roughly divides men into good and bad, superior and inferior, slave and free, is and must be ludicrously untrue and universally dangerous as a permanent exhaustive classification.
Use itGS4/Essay: rigid binaries of superior and inferior are false and dangerous.
I have known a vast quantity of nonsense talked about bad men not looking you in the face. Don't trust that conventional idea. Dishonesty will stare honesty out of countenance, any day in the week, if there is anything to be got by it.
— Charles DickensHunted Down (1859)
Use itGS4: don't judge honesty by appearances; dishonest people can look you in the eye.
The scientists from Franklin to Morse were clear thinkers and did not produce erroneous theories. The scientists of today think deeply instead of clearly. One must be sane to think clearly, but one can think deeply and be quite insane.
— Nikola Tesla"Radio Power Will Revolutionize the World" in Modern Mechanics and Inventions (July 1934)
Use itEssay: clear thinking over deep but confused thinking.
The treatment of the period of Reconstruction reflects small credit upon American historians as scientists. We have too often a deliberate attempt so to change the facts of history that the story will make pleasant reading for Americans.
Use itGS1/Essay: warn against distorting history to make pleasant reading.
So far as I can see, all political thinking for years past has been vitiated in the same way. People can foresee the future only when it coincides with their own wishes, and the most grossly obvious facts can be ignored when they are unwelcome.
— George Orwell"London Letter" (December 1944), in Partisan Review (Winter 1945)
Use itGS4/Essay: confirmation bias distorts policy; wishful thinking ignores unwelcome facts.
What counts is not what sounds plausible, not what we would like to believe, not what one or two witnesses claim, but only what is supported by hard evidence rigorously and skeptically examined. Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.
Use itEssay on misinformation/fake news; demand rigorous evidence, not plausibility or belief.
The Assembly has witnessed over the last weeks how historical truth is established; once an allegation has been repeated a few times, it is no longer an allegation, it is an established fact, even if no evidence has been brought out in order to support it.
— Dag HammarskjöldOn accusations by Nikita Khrushchev, as quoted in The Times [London] (4 October 1960)
Use itEssay on fake news; repetition turns allegations into 'facts' without evidence.
Circumstances (which with some gentlemen pass for nothing) give in reality to every political principle its distinguishing colour, and discriminating effect. The circumstances are what render every civil and political scheme beneficial or noxious to mankind.
— Edmund BurkeReflections on the Revolution in France (1790)
Use itGS2: context decides whether a policy helps or harms.
Philosophy, if it cannot answer so many questions as we could wish, has at least the power of asking questions which increase the interest of the world, and show the strangeness and wonder lying just below the surface even in the commonest things of daily life.
— Bertrand RussellThe Problems of Philosophy (1912)
Use itEssay on value of philosophy/curiosity: questions reveal wonder in everyday things.
Rhetoric, it seems, is a producer of persuasion for belief, not for instruction in the matter of right and wrong … And so the rhetorician's business is not to instruct a law court or a public meeting in matters of right and wrong, but only to make them believe.
— PlatoGorgias
Use itEssay on propaganda/post-truth; rhetoric persuades belief without teaching right from wrong.
We should not pretend to understand the world only by the intellect; we apprehend it just as much by feeling. Therefore, the judgment of the intellect is, at best, only the half of truth, and must, if it be honest, also come to an understanding of its inadequacy.
— Carl JungVariant translation: We should not pretend to understand the world only by the intellect. The judgement of the intellect is only part of the
Use itGS4 on emotional intelligence; intellect alone gives half the truth, feeling completes it.
For such is the nature of men, that howsoever they may acknowledge many others to be more witty, or more eloquent, or more learned; Yet they will hardly believe there be many so wise as themselves: For they see their own wit at hand, and other men's at a distance.
— Thomas HobbesThe First Part, Chapter 13, p. 61
Use itGS4 on humility: we rarely believe others as wise as ourselves.
An army of principles will penetrate where an army of soldiers cannot; it will succeed where diplomatic management would fall: it is neither the Rhine, the Channel, nor the ocean that can arrest its progress: it will march on the horizon of the world, and it will conquer.
— Thomas PaineMeans by Which the Fund Is to Be Created
Use itEssay on soft power: an army of principles conquers where soldiers cannot.
Our aim as scientists is objective truth; more truth, more interesting truth, more intelligible truth. We cannot reasonably aim at certainty. Once we realize that human knowledge is fallible, we realize also that we can never be completely certain that we have not made a mistake.
— Karl PopperIn Search of a Better World (1984)
Use itEssay on scientific temper: knowledge is fallible; aim for truth, not certainty.
In the welter of conflicting fanaticisms, one of the few unifying forces is scientific truthfulness, by which I mean the habit of basing our beliefs upon observations and inferences as impersonal, and as much divested of local and temperamental bias, as is possible for human beings.
— Bertrand RussellChapter XXXI "The Philosophy of Logical Analysis"
Use itEssay on polarisation: scientific truthfulness, free of bias, unites amid fanaticism.
Probably some ninety-nine out of every hundred of our gifted souls, who have to seek a career for themselves, go this beaver road. Whereby the first half-result, national wealth namely, is plentifully realized; and only the second half, or wisdom to guide it, is dreadfully behindhand.
— Thomas CarlyleLatter-Day Pamphlets (1850) / Stump Orator (May 1, 1850)
Use itEssay on growth vs wisdom: wealth abundant, wisdom to guide it lagging.
As to Macarthur, I don't feel in a position to have clear opinions about anyone I know only from newspapers. You see, whenever they deal with anyone (or anything) I know myself, I find they're always a mass of lies & misunderstandings: so I conclude they're no better in the places where I don't know.
— C. S. LewisLetter to Mrs. Mary Van Deusen (30 April 1951); in Collected Letters of C. S. Lewis, vol. 3: "Narnia, Cambridge, and Joy, 1950-1963", p. 114
Use itEssay on media trust: don't form firm opinions of people known only through newspapers.
The best teachers still taught in a Socratic style, asking questions, responding to the answers with still another question. And in all of our courses, we were taught that what mattered most was asking the right question — having posed the question well, answering the question was often a relatively easy matter.
— Joseph StiglitzAutobiographical Essay (2001)
Use itEssay on education: asking the right question matters most; Socratic learning.
The shifty language of politics,... that strange language full of Maya and falsities of self-illusion and deliberate delusion of others, which almost immediately turns all true and vivid phrases into a jargon, so that men may fight in a cloud of words without any clear sense of the thing they are battling for....
— Sri AurobindoSeptember, 1918
Use itEssay on political rhetoric: jargon and slogans obscure real issues.

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