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Theme · 221 quotes

Justice & Rule of Law quotes for UPSC & State PCS

221 sourced quotes on justice, law, rights and constitutional values, each with a use case for GS4, Essay and interviews. Thinkers include Edmund Burke, John Rawls, Barack Obama, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Martin Luther King Jr., Desmond Tutu.

✓ Sourced and attributed · 123 for GS4 · 149 for Essay

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Bad laws are the worst sort of tyranny.
— Edmund BurkeSpeech at Bristol Previous to the Election (6 September 1780), quoted in The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke, Vol. II (1855), p.
Use itGS2/Essay: bad laws are the worst tyranny; case for legal reform.
The voice of the majority is no proof of justice.
— Friedrich SchillerAs quoted in A Dictionary of Thoughts : Being a Cyclopedia of Laconic Quotations from the Best Authors, Both Ancient and Modern (1891) edite
Use itGS2: majority will isn't automatically just; justify judicial review and fundamental rights.
The severest justice may not always be the best policy.
— Abraham LincolnVeto message, eventually not executed, written as a response to the Second Confiscation Act passed by Congress. (17 July 1862)
Use itGS4 on justice tempered with mercy; rigid punishment isn't always wise policy.
Extra judicial killings are not acceptable in a society of law.
— Shashi TharoorOn the 2019 Hyderabad gang rape : "Hyderabad Rape Murder", The Times of India, 7 December 2019
Use itGS2/GS4: encounter killings violate due process and rule of law.
If you make 10,000 regulations you destroy all respect for the law.
— Winston ChurchillIn the House of Commons (3 February 1949), as quoted in Churchill by Himself (2008), ed. Langworth, PublicAffairs, p. 17
Use itGS2: over-regulation erodes respect for law; ease of doing business.
A punishment that penalizes without forestalling is indeed called revenge.
— Albert CamusReflections on the Guillotine (1957)
Use itGS2/GS4 on criminal justice; punishment must prevent crime, not merely avenge.
It is better to risk sparing a guilty person than to condemn an innocent one.
Use itGS2: on presumption of innocence and due process in criminal justice.
An unjust law is itself a species of violence. Arrest for its breach is more so.
— Mahatma GandhiFrom a letter to the Viceroy, 1930, published in The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, Vol. 49, p. 180
Use itGS4: an unjust law is itself violence; on law vs justice.
Certain other societies may respect the rule of force — we respect the rule of law.
— John F. KennedyAddress at Vanderbilt University
Use itGS2: democracies respect rule of law, not rule of force.
Human trafficking is not a business model, it is a crime, and we are going to stop it.
— Barack ObamaRemarks at Clinton Global Initiative (September 2012)
Use itGS2/GS3 on human trafficking: frame it squarely as crime, not business.
Whenever a separation is made between liberty and justice, neither, in my opinion, is safe.
— Edmund BurkeLetter to M. de Menonville (October 1789)
Use itGS2/Essay: liberty and justice must stay together or neither is safe.
The courts are no longer cathedrals. They are...casinos where the throw of the dice matters.
— K. R. NarayananLina Gonsalves in: Women and Human Rights, APH Publishing, 2001
Use itGS2: judicial reform; unpredictability and arbitrariness erode faith in courts.
But there is only one thing which gathers people into seditious commotion, and that is oppression.
— John LockeA Letter Concerning Toleration (1689)
Use itGS3 internal security: oppression, not people, drives unrest—address root causes.
Justice respects man as living in society, and is the common bond without which no society can subsist.
— EpicurusAncient and Modern Celebrated Freethinkers (Half-Hours with the Freethinkers)
Use itEssay intro on justice as the glue of society; open GS2 answers on access to justice.
When a man is denied the right to live the life he believes in, he has no choice but to become an outlaw.
— Nelson MandelaLong Walk to Freedom (1995)
Use itEssay on rights: denial of rights pushes people to rebellion.
Is it surprising that prisons resemble factories, schools, barracks, hospitals, which all resemble prisons?
— Michel FoucaultDiscipline and Punish (1977) as translated by Alan Sheridan, p. 228
Use itGS2/Essay on surveillance and disciplinary institutions in modern society.
Punishment is the last and least effective instrument in the hands of the legislator for the prevention of crime.
— John RuskinNotes on the General Principles of Employment for the Destitute and Criminal Classes (1868)
Use itGS2: criminal justice reform; prevention and reform over punishment.
We don't want apartheid liberalized. We want it dismantled. You can't improve something that is intrinsically evil.
— Desmond TutuSpeech (1985) as quoted in Equality, Volume 1, Issue 1 (1989)
Use itEssay on caste/untouchability or apartheid; evil systems must be dismantled, not reformed.
No oppression is so heavy or lasting as that which is inflicted by the perversion and exorbitance of legal authority.
— Samuel JohnsonNo. 148 (17 August 1751)
Use itGS2/GS4: abuse of legal authority is the worst oppression; misuse of laws.
Where freedom is menaced or justice threatened or where aggression takes place, we cannot be and shall not be neutral.
— Jawaharlal NehruSpeech to the US Congress (13 October 1949)
Use itGS2 on non-alignment; NAM never meant neutrality in face of aggression or injustice.
To ask how things are going and whether they can be improved is a constant and inescapable part of the pursuit of justice.
— Amartya SenCh. 3. Institutions and Persons
Use itEssay on justice as continuous improvement through constant evaluation.
And seeing every man is presumed to do all things in order to his own benefit, no man is a fit Arbitrator in his own cause:
— Thomas HobbesThe First Part, Chapter 15, p. 78
Use itGS4 on conflict of interest: no one should judge their own cause.
Human rights are not things that are put on the table for people to enjoy. These are things you fight for and then you protect.
— Wangari MaathaiWangari Maathai quotes from Goodreads
Use itGS2/Essay: rights are won through struggle and must be actively protected.
Law is the perfection of reason implanted in us by nature, which enjoins what should be done, and forbids what we should not do.
— Cicero
Use itGS4 on law and ethics; natural law view that true law is right reason.
The U.S. constitution originally... enabled slavery, but... had an amendment.., a self-correcting mechanism... to forbid slavery.
— Yuval Noah HarariThe Collapse of Truth (Dec 11, 2025)
Use itGS2: amendment as constitution's self-correcting mechanism.
I do not ask the clemency of the court. I came into it to get justice, having failed in this, I demand the full rigors of the law.
— Susan B. AnthonyAccount of Matilda Joslyn Gage (June 20, 1873) to Kansas Leavenworth Times (July 3, 1873)
Use itEssay on justice vs mercy: demand justice, not clemency, when rights are denied.
Once again prosperous and successful crime goes by the name of virtue; good men obey the bad, might is right and fear oppresses law.
Use itEssay on erosion of rule of law: successful crime called virtue, might as right.
Laws are sand, customs are rock. Laws can be evaded and punishment escaped, but an openly transgressed custom brings sure punishment.
— Mark TwainThe Gorky Incident (1906)
Use itGS1/GS2 on social reform; customs bind tighter than laws—law alone can't end practices.
How can you thank a man for giving you what's already yours? How then can you thank him for giving you only part of what's already yours?
— Malcolm XSpeech in Cleveland, Ohio (April 3, 1964)
Use itEssay on rights vs charity; rights aren't favours to be thankful for.
I am a firm believer that any legitimate government has to be based on rule of law and a recognition that all people are equal under the law.
— Barack ObamaRemarks by President Obama and Daw Aung San Suu Kyi of Burma in Joint Press Conference at Aung San Suu Kyi Residence in Rangoon, Burma on No
Use itGS2 on legitimacy: rule of law and equality before law (Art 14).
The only thing that has ever distinguished America among the nations is that she has shown that all men are entitled to the benefits of the law.
— Woodrow WilsonAddress in New York, 14 December 1906
Use itGS2: equality before law as a nation's true distinction.
Forgiveness doesn't mean forget what happened. … If something is serious and it is necessary to take counter-measures, you have to take counter-measures.
— Dalai Lama (14th)On the killing of al-Queda terrorist leader Osama bin Laden by US military forces, as quoted in "Dalai Lama suggests Osama bin Laden's death
Use itGS4: forgiveness doesn't mean forgetting or forgoing necessary counter-measures.
Un-American activity cannot be prevented or routed out by employing un-American methods; to preserve freedom we must use the tools that freedom provides.
— Dwight D. EisenhowerAs quoted in The White House Years: Mandate for Change: 1953–1956: A Personal Account (1963), p. 331
Use itGS3 internal security: fight threats to freedom only with democratic, lawful means.
It is the function of a judge not to make but to declare the law, according to the golden mete-wand of the law and not by the crooked cord of discretion.
— Edmund BurkePreface to Brissot's Address (1794)
Use itGS2 on judicial activism vs restraint: judges declare law, not make it.
No one truly knows a nation until one has been inside its jails. A nation should not be judged by how it treats its highest citizens but its lowest ones.
— Nelson MandelaLong Walk to Freedom (1995)
Use itGS2: prison reform — judge a nation by how it treats its lowest citizens.
All the great utterances of man have to be judged not by the letter but by the spirit — the spirit which unfolds itself with the growth of life in history.
Use itGS2 on Constitution as living document; read great texts by spirit, not letter.
Wherever men and women are persecuted because of their race, religion, or political views, that place must at that moment become the center of the universe.
— Elie WieselNobel acceptance speech (1986)
Use itGS2 on human rights: wherever people are persecuted, that becomes the centre of concern.
The first requisite of civilization, therefore, is that of justice—that is, the assurance that a law once made will not be broken in favour of an individual.
— Sigmund FreudCh. 3, as translated by James Strachey, p.81
Use itGS2: rule of law—laws not bent for individuals is civilisation's first requisite.
Let the punishments of criminals be useful. A hanged man is good for nothing; a man condemned to public works still serves the country, and is a living lesson.
Use itGS2: on reformative justice and capital punishment; punishment should serve society.
The majority, oppressing an individual, is guilty of a crime, abuses its strength, and by acting on the law of the strongest breaks up the foundations of society.
— Thomas JeffersonLetter to Éleuthère Irénée du Pont de Nemours (24 April 1816)
Use itGS2 on tyranny of majority: majority oppressing an individual undermines society.
A country is considered the more civilised the more the wisdom and efficiency of its laws hinder a weak man from becoming too weak and a powerful one too powerful.
— Primo LeviIf This Is a Man (1947)
Use itGS2/Essay: civilisation measured by laws that protect the weak and restrain the powerful.
Unjust laws exist: shall we be content to obey them, or shall we endeavor to amend them, and obey them until we have succeeded, or shall we transgress them at once?
— Henry David ThoreauCivil Disobedience (1849)
Use itGS4 dilemma: law vs conscience; frame options for responding to an unjust rule.
The great question is, to discover not what governments prescribe, but what they ought to prescribe; for no prescription is valid against the conscience of mankind.
— John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron ActonThe History of Freedom in Antiquity (1877)
Use itGS4: no law is valid against the conscience of mankind—law vs morality.
The greatest problem for the human race, to the solution of which Nature drives man, is the achievement of a universal civic society which administers law among men.
— Immanuel KantFifth Thesis
Use itEssay on global governance; a universal law-governed civic order as humanity's greatest challenge.
Selma teaches us, as well, that action requires that we shed our cynicism. For when it comes to the pursuit of justice, we can afford neither complacency nor despair.
— Barack ObamaBloody Sunday Speech (March 2015)
Use itEssay on social justice: shed cynicism; afford neither complacency nor despair.
It is ugly to be punishable, but there is no glory in punishing. Hence the double system of protection that justice has set up between itself and the punishment it imposes.
Use itGS2: justice must punish without glorying in it; reformative justice.
Justice is itself the great standing policy of civil society; and any eminent departure from it, under any circumstances, lies under the suspicion of being no policy at all.
— Edmund BurkeReflections on the Revolution in France (1790)
Use itGS2/Essay: justice is the standing policy of society; departures from it aren't policy.
It is for real that injustice and oppression will not have the last word. There was a time when Hitler looked like he was going to vanquish all of Europe, and where is he now?
— Desmond TutuWallenberg Lecture (2008)
Use itEssay conclusion: injustice and oppression never have the final word.
To kill someone for committing murder is a punishment incomparably worse than the crime itself. Murder by legal sentence is immeasurably more terrible than murder by brigands.
— Fyodor DostoyevskyPart 1, Chapter 2 (tr. Frederick Whishaw, 1887)
Use itGS2/GS4 death penalty debate: state execution may be worse than the crime it punishes.
All the peoples of the world are in effect partners in this interest, and for our own part we see very clearly that unless justice be done to others it will not be done to us.
— Woodrow WilsonThe Fourteen Points Speech (1918)
Use itGS2 IR: global interdependence; justice for others secures our own.
The President ... may err ... Congress may decide amiss ... But if the Supreme Court is ever composed of imprudent or bad men, the Union may be plunged into anarchy or civil war.
— Alexis de TocquevilleChapter XVIII
Use itGS2 on judiciary; quality of judges guards the constitutional order.
No man is above the law and no man is below it; nor do we ask any man's permission when we require him to obey it. Obedience to the law is demanded as a right; not asked as a favor.
— Theodore RooseveltThird State of the Union Address (7 December 1903)
Use itGS2 on rule of law: none above or below the law; obedience is a duty.
The end of law is not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and enlarge freedom. For in all the states of created beings, capable of laws, where there is no law there is no freedom.
— John LockeSecond Treatise of Government, Ch. VI, sec. 57
Use itGS2: law exists to preserve and enlarge freedom—no law, no freedom.
The vilest deeds like poison weeds Bloom well in prison air; It is only what is good in man That wastes and withers there; Pale Anguish keeps the heavy gate And the Warder is Despair.
Use itGS2 on prison reforms; harsh prisons breed crime and destroy what is good in inmates.
That it is better 100 guilty Persons should escape than that one innocent Person should suffer, is a maxim that has been long and generally approved; never, that I know of, controverted.
— Benjamin FranklinLetter to Benjamin Vaughan, on Blackstone's Ratio (14 March 1785)
Use itGS2 on criminal justice: better 100 guilty escape than one innocent suffer; bail and wrongful conviction.
A man who is good enough to shed his blood for his country is good enough to be given a square deal afterwards. More than that no man is entitled to, and less than that no man shall have.
— Theodore RooseveltSpeech at Springfield, Illinois (4 July 1903)
Use itGS2 on veterans' welfare: those who bleed for the nation deserve a square deal.
People crushed by law, have no hopes but from power. If laws are their enemies, they will be enemies to laws; and those who have much to hope and nothing to lose, will always be dangerous.
— Edmund BurkeLetter to Charles James Fox (8 October 1777)
Use itGS3 on Left Wing Extremism: people crushed by unjust laws turn against law.
Many senior policemen put greater emphasis on maintaining 'order' than on upholding the law. In practice that meant failing to uphold the rights of individuals against the rule of the mob.
— Margaret ThatcherThe Path To Power (1995)
Use itGS2/GS4 on police reform; uphold law and individual rights, not just order against mob rule.
All laws which can be broken without any injury to another, are counted but a laughing-stock, and are so far from bridling the desires and lusts of men, that on the contrary they stimulate them.
— Baruch SpinozaCh. 10, Of Aristocracy, Conclusion
Use itGS2 on overregulation: laws against harmless acts become a laughing-stock and backfire.
It looks to me to be narrow and pedantic to apply the ordinary ideas of criminal justice to this great public contest. I do not know the method of drawing up an indictment against a whole people.
— Edmund BurkeSecond Speech on Conciliation with America (1775)
Use itGS2/GS4: reject collective punishment; you cannot indict a whole people.
Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. Therefore, no American can afford to be apathetic about the problem of racial justice. It is a problem that meets every man at his front door.
— Martin Luther King Jr.The Rising Tide of Racial Consciousnes (1960)
Use itEssay: injustice anywhere threatens justice everywhere—no room for apathy.
We must reject the idea that every time a law's broken, society is guilty rather than the lawbreaker. It is time to restore the American precept that each individual is accountable for his actions.
— Ronald ReaganSpeech at the Republican National Convention, Platform Committee Meeting, Miami, Florida" (31 July 1968)
Use itGS4/GS2: balance social causes of crime with individual accountability for actions.
There may be times when we are powerless to prevent injustice, but there must never be a time when we fail to protest. The Talmud tells us that by saving a single human being, man can save the world.
— Elie WieselHope, Despair, and Memory (1986)
Use itGS4: even when powerless to stop injustice, never fail to protest.
Oceans of horse-hair, continents of parchment, and learned-sergeant eloquence, were it continued till the learned tongue wore itself small in the indefatigable learned mouth, cannot make unjust just.
— Thomas CarlylePast and Present (1843)
Use itGS2 on judiciary: legal eloquence and procedure cannot make the unjust just.
The only government that I recognize—and it matters not how few are at the head of it, or how small its army — is that power that establishes justice in the land, never that which establishes injustice.
— Henry David ThoreauA Plea for Captain John Brown (1859)
Use itGS2/Essay: legitimacy of government rests on establishing justice, not power.
Iraq's invasion of Kuwait defies every principle for which the United Nations stands. If we let it succeed, no small country can ever feel safe again. The law of the jungle would take over from the rule of law.
— Margaret ThatcherSpeech to the Aspen Institute ("Shaping a New Global Community") (5 August 1990)
Use itGS2 on international law/sovereignty; letting aggression succeed brings law of the jungle.
We are aware of all the inconveniences of prison, and that it is dangerous when it is not useless. And yet one cannot 'see' how to replace it. It is the detestable solution, which one seems unable to do without.
— Michel FoucaultPart Four, Complete and austere institutions
Use itGS2/3: prison reform; alternatives to incarceration.
If lawyers were to undertake no causes till they were sure they were just, a man might be precluded altogether from a trial of his claim, though, were it judicially examined, it might be found a very just claim.
— Samuel Johnson(15 August 1773)
Use itGS2/GS4: right to legal representation; justice decided by courts, not lawyers' prejudgement.
There are different kinds of justice. Retributive justice is largely Western. The African understanding is far more restorative - not so much to punish as to redress or restore a balance that has been knocked askew.
— Desmond TutuAs quoted in "Recovering from Apartheid" at The New Yorker (18 November 1996)
Use itGS2/GS4 on restorative vs retributive justice; aim to restore balance, not merely punish.
If you are neutral in situations of injustice, you have chosen the side of the oppressor. If an elephant has its foot on the tail of a mouse and you say that you are neutral, the mouse will not appreciate your neutrality.
— Desmond TutuAs quoted in Unexpected News : Reading the Bible with Third World Eyes (1984) by Robert McAfee Brown, p. 19
Use itGS4/Essay: neutrality in injustice sides with the oppressor; argue for moral courage.
What moves us, reasonably enough, is not the realization that the world falls short of being completely just – which few of us expect – but that there are clearly remediable injustices around us which we want to eliminate.
— Amartya SenPreface
Use itEssay on justice; focus on remediable injustices, not perfect justice.
We must scrupulously guard the civil rights and civil liberties of all our citizens, whatever their background. We must remember that any oppression, any injustice, any hatred, is a wedge designed to attack our civilization.
— Franklin D. RooseveltGreeting to the American Committee for Protection of Foreign-born (9 January 1940); later inscribed on the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memoria
Use itGS2: protect civil liberties of all citizens; hatred and injustice erode civilisation.
We have got used to relying on precedents of England to such an extent that it seems almost sacrilegious to have a different interpretation even if our conditions and circumstances might seem to require a different interpretation.
— Rajendra PrasadFrom his speech given on 28 November 1960 at laying the foundation-stone of the building of the Law Institute of India, in: p. 16
Use itGS2 on decolonising law; interpret Indian law per Indian conditions, not English precedent.
The law books abound with similar instances of the care the judges take of the public integrity, Laws, moreover, abridging the natural right of the citizen, should be restrained by rigorous constructions within their narrowest limits.
— Thomas JeffersonLetter to Isaac McPherson (1813)
Use itGS2 on Art 19(2): laws restricting rights must be narrowly construed.
Terrorists who try to sow chaos, they must be met with force and they must also be met, though, with a forceful commitment to uphold the rule of law, and respect for human rights, and to treat everybody who’s peaceful and law-abiding fairly and equally.
— Barack ObamaRemarks to the Kenyan People (July 2015)
Use itGS3 counter-terrorism: meet force with force but uphold rule of law and human rights.
It is a wicked thing to be neutral between right and wrong. Impartiality does not mean neutrality. Impartial justice consists not in being neutral between right and wrong, but in finding out the right and upholding it, wherever found, against the wrong.
Use itGS4: impartiality isn't neutrality between right and wrong; uphold the right.
To pass judgment hurriedly doesn’t mean you’re a judge. The wise one, weighing both the right judgment & wrong, judges others impartially — unhurriedly, in line with the Dhamma, guarding the Dhamma, guarded by Dhamma, intelligent: he’s called a judge. (Verses 256-257)
Use itGS4 on quasi-judicial roles: judge impartially and unhurriedly, weighing both sides.
The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges every one: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions.
— John LockeSecond Treatise of Government, Ch. II, sec. 6
Use itGS2 on natural rights; all equal, none may harm another's life, liberty or property.
As a people we claim the right to speak with peculiar emphasis for freedom and for fair treatment of all men without regard to differences of race, fortune, creed or color. We forfeit the right so to speak when we commit or condone such crimes as these of which I speak.
— Theodore RooseveltLetter to Winfield T. Durbin (1903)
Use itGS2 on foreign policy: moral authority is forfeited by condoning injustice at home.
No punishment has ever possessed enough power of deterrence to prevent the commission of crimes. On the contrary, whatever the punishment, once a specific crime has appeared for the first time, its reappearance is more likely than its initial emergence could ever have been.
— Hannah ArendtEpilogue
Use itGS2/GS4 death penalty debate: harsh punishment has limited deterrent value.
An unjust law is a code that a majority inflicts on a minority that is not binding on itself. This is difference made legal. On the other hand a just law is a code that a majority compels a minority to follow that it is willing to follow itself. This is sameness made legal.
Use itGS4/GS2: unjust law binds minority, not majority—difference made legal.
An avidity to punish is always dangerous to liberty. It leads men to stretch, to misinterpret, and to misapply even the best of laws. He that would make his own liberty secure must guard even his enemy from oppression; for if he violates this duty he establishes a precedent that will reach to himself.
— Thomas PaineFirst Principles of Government (1795)
Use itGS2 on misuse of laws: eagerness to punish erodes liberty; protect even enemies.
The Secretary General, in a very real sense, is the servant of the General Assembly. Diminish his authority and you diminish the authority of the only body where all nations, regardless of power, are equal and sovereign. Until all the powerful are just, the weak will be secure only in the strength of this Assembly.
— John F. KennedyUN speech
Use itGS2 on UN reform; the UN protects the weak until all powerful nations are just.
There is, however, a limit at which forbearance ceases to be a virtue.
— Edmund BurkeObservations on a Late Publication on the Present State of the Nation (1769), volume i, p. 273
Use itGS4: tolerance has limits; beyond them, forbearance becomes complicity.
I decline utterly to be impartial as between the fire brigade and the fire.
— Winston ChurchillSpeech in the House of Commons, July 7, 1926 "Emergency Services", responding to criticism that he edited the British Gazette in a biased ma
Use itGS4: impartiality has limits; neutrality between right and wrong is not ethical.
Transparency and the rule of law will be the touchstones of this presidency.
— Barack ObamaAt the signing of executive orders on first full day as president, as reported in transparency, Obama OKs ethics guidelines" at CNN.com (21
Use itGS2/GS4 on good governance: transparency and rule of law as touchstones.
True peace is not merely the absence of tension: it is the presence of justice.
— Martin Luther King Jr.In a 1955 response to an accusation that he was "disturbing the peace" by his activism during the Montgomery Bus Boycott in Montgomery, Alab
Use itEssay on positive peace; true peace is presence of justice, not absence of tension.
Equality may be a fiction but nonetheless one must accept it as governing principle.
— B. R. AmbedkarPolitical Science for Civil Services Main Examination (2010)
Use itEssay on equality: even if unequal by nature, equality must govern law and policy.
Men of most renowned virtue have sometimes by transgressing most truly kept the law.
— John MiltonTetrachordon (1644–1645)
Use itGS4: letter vs spirit of law; civil disobedience can uphold deeper justice.
It is not necessary to prohibit or encourage oddities of conduct which are not harmful.
— NapoleonNapoleon : In His Own Words (1916)
Use itGS2: harm principle — don't regulate harmless personal conduct.
The fault of the utilitarian doctrine is that it mistakes impersonality for impartiality.
Use itGS4: critique utilitarianism; aggregate welfare ignores individual rights.
The healthy man does not torture others—generally it is the tortured who turn into torturers.
Use itGS4/GS2 on reformative justice; victims of abuse often become abusers, so address root causes.
Religious persecution may shield itself under the guise of a mistaken and over-zealous piety.
— Edmund BurkeSpeech in opening the impeachment of Warren Hastings (18 February 1788), quoted in The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke, Volume th
Use itEssay on communalism: persecution often disguises itself as piety.
What hurts the victim most is not the cruelty of the oppressor but the silence of the bystander.
— Elie WieselIn an interview with Carol Rittner and Sandra Meyers in Courage To Care - Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust, NYU Press, 1986, p. 2. Also
Use itGS4: bystander apathy hurts victims more than oppression itself.
The politician has not to revenge what has happened but to ensure that it does not happen again.
— Otto von BismarckIn 1867, following public criticism of courtesy shown to the defeated Napoleon III after the battle of Sedan, as quoted in A. J. P. Taylor,
Use itGS4/GS2: governance should be preventive and reformative, not vengeful, after a crisis.
Democracy is essentially a political system that recognizes the equality of humans before the law.
— Dwight D. EisenhowerAddress to Constituent Assembly, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (8 August 1946)
Use itGS2: define democracy as equality of all before the law (Art 14).
When will our consciences grow so tender that we will act to prevent human misery rather than avenge it?
— Eleanor RooseveltAs quoted in "On The Universal Declaration of Human Rights" by Hillary Rodham Clinton in Issues of Democracy Vol. 3, No. 3 (October 1998), p
Use itGS4/GS2: prevention over retribution; act to prevent misery, not avenge it.
It is not, what a lawyer tells me I may do; but what humanity, reason, and justice, tell me I ought to do.
— Edmund BurkeSecond Speech on Conciliation with America (1775)
Use itGS4: legality vs morality; do what humanity and justice demand, not just what law permits.
Teach me to feel another's woe, To right the fault I see; That mercy I to others show, That mercy show to me.
— Alexander PopeStanza 10; this extends upon the theme evident in the lines of Edmund Spenser in The Faerie Queene (1596), Book V, Canto ii, Stanza 42: "Who
Use itGS4 on empathy and mercy; feel others' pain and show the mercy you seek.
The general limits of your freedom are merely these: that you do not trespass upon the equal rights of others.
— Dwight D. EisenhowerRemarks to the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (22 April 1954)
Use itGS2 on reasonable restrictions: freedom is limited only by others' equal rights.
When people are friends, they have no need of justice, but when they are just, they need friendship in addition.
— AristotleBook VIII, 1155a.26
Use itEssay on fraternity; friendship goes beyond justice in binding society.
There is a higher court than courts of justice and that is the court of conscience. It supersedes all other courts.
— Mahatma GandhiYoung India (15 December 1921)
Use itGS4: conscience is a higher court than law; on law vs morality dilemmas.
A free people [claim] their rights, as derived from the laws of nature, and not as the gift of their chief magistrate.
— Thomas JeffersonA Summary View of the Rights of British America (1774)
Use itGS2 on fundamental rights: rights are natural, not gifts from rulers.
I have gained this by philosophy ... I do without being ordered what some are constrained to do by their fear of the law.
— AristotleThe Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers
Use itGS4 on internalised ethics; doing right without fear of law.
To deprive a man of his natural liberty and to deny to him the ordinary amenities of life is worse than starving the body.
— Mahatma GandhiHarijan, 15 April 1933,also in The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, Vol. 52, p. 77
Use itGS2 on personal liberty/prisoner rights; denying liberty is worse than starving the body.
Strange incongruities must ever perplex those, who confound the unhappiness of civil dissensions with the crime of treason.
— Edmund BurkeLetter to the Sheriffs of Bristol (1777)
Use itGS2 on sedition: don't confuse civil dissent with treason.
No man can put a chain about the ankle of his fellow man without at last finding the other end fastened about his own neck.
— Frederick DouglassSpeech at Civil Rights Mass Meeting, Washington, D.C. (22 October 1883)
Use itEssay: oppression ultimately enslaves the oppressor too; useful in caste or discrimination essays.
Mandela demonstrated that action and ideas are not enough. No matter how right, they must be chiseled into law and institutions.
— Barack ObamaEulogy of Nelson Mandela (December 2013)
Use itGS2: good ideas must be institutionalised in law to endure.
Why should there not be a patient confidence in the ultimate justice of the people? Is there any better or equal hope in the world?
— Abraham LincolnFirst Inaugural Address (1861)
Use itEssay on faith in democracy; ultimate justice lies with people.
Absolute freedom mocks at justice. Absolute justice denies freedom. To be fruitful, the two ideas must find their limits in each other.
— Albert Camus"Historical Murder", as translated by Anthony Bower
Use itEssay on liberty vs equality; freedom and justice must limit each other.
We have the wolf by the ears, and we can neither hold him nor safely let him go. Justice is in one scale, self-preservation in the other.
— Thomas JeffersonOn slavery, in a letter to John Holmes (22 April 1820)
Use itGS4 on dilemmas: justice versus self-preservation, holding a wolf by the ears.
Every thing secret degenerates, even the administration of justice; nothing is safe that does not show how it can bear discussion and publicity.
— John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron ActonLetter (23 January 1861), published in Lord Acton and his Circle (1906) by Abbot Gasquet, Letter 74
Use itGS2 on judicial transparency; secrecy corrupts even justice—open courts, RTI.
He who fights with monsters might take care lest he thereby become a monster. And when you gaze long into an abyss the abyss also gazes into you.
Use itGS4/GS2: those fighting terror or crime must not adopt illegal means; ends vs means.
The same energy of character which renders a man a daring villain would have rendered him useful to society, had that society been well organized.
Use itGS4: role of society and institutions in shaping character; crime as social failure.
The peace we seek and need means much more than mere absence of war. It means the acceptance of law, and the fostering of justice, in all the world.
— Dwight D. EisenhowerRadio and Television Report to the American People on the Developments in Eastern Europe and the Middle East (October 31, 1956). Source: Eis
Use itEssay on positive peace: more than absence of war, it means law and justice.
For the true author of the subjugation of a people is not so much the immediate agent, as the power which permits it having the means to prevent it.
Use itGS4 on complicity: those able to prevent injustice but don't are responsible.
This is the contradiction of racism, colonialism, and all forms of tyranny: in order to treat a man like a dog, one must first recognize him as a man.
— Jean-Paul SartreCritique of Dialectical Reason (1960)
Use itEssay on caste/racial discrimination; oppression contradicts the humanity it must first recognise.
I am not interested in picking up crumbs of compassion thrown from the table of someone who considers himself my master. I want the full menu of rights.
— Desmond TutuToday, NBC TV (9 January 1985)
Use itGS2/Essay on rights-based approach; demand full rights, not charity or crumbs of compassion.
This country has nothing to fear from the crooked man who fails. We put him in jail. It is the crooked man who succeeds who is a threat to this country.
— Theodore RooseveltAddress in Memphis, Tennessee (25 October 1905)
Use itGS4 on corruption: successful crooks threaten society more than failed ones.
As usurpation is the exercise of power which another has a right to, so tyranny is the exercise of power beyond right, which nobody can have a right to...
— John LockeSecond Treatise of Government, Ch. XVIII, sec. 199
Use itGS2/GS4: tyranny is power exercised beyond right—limits on state power.
We’ve got to resist the false trap that says either there should be no accountability for police or that every police officer is suspect no matter what they do.
Use itGS2 police reforms: reject the false choice between no accountability and suspecting every officer.
Unless the Security Council is restored to its pre-eminent position as the sole source of legitimacy on the use of force, we are on a dangerous path to anarchy.
— Kofi AnnanSpeech at the centennial of the International Peace Conference (19 May 1999)
Use itGS2: UNSC legitimacy on use of force; unilateralism leads to anarchy.
There are only two cases in which war is just: first, in order to resist the aggression of an enemy, and second, in order to help an ally who has been attacked.
— MontesquieuNo. 95. (Usbek writing to Rhedi)
Use itGS2/Essay: just war theory — only self-defence and defence of allies justify war.
Think on this doctrine,—that reasoning beings were created for one another's sake; that to be patient is a branch of justice, and that men sin without intending it.
Use itGS4: patience is a branch of justice; people often err unintentionally.
By Numbers here from Shame or Censure free, All Crimes are safe, but hated Poverty. This, only this, the rigid Law persues, This, only this, provokes the snarling Muse.
— Samuel JohnsonLondon: A Poem (1738), lines 158–161
Use itEssay on criminalisation of poverty; law harsh on poor, lenient on powerful.
Men sometimes submit to shame, to tyranny, to conquest, but they never long suffer anarchy. There is no people so barbarous that they escape this general law of humanity
— Alexis de TocquevilleSecond letter on Algeria (1837), Travels in Algeria p. 38
Use itGS2 on law and order; people tolerate much but never anarchy for long.
Whatever happens, I cannot be a silent witness to murder or torture. Anyone who is a partner in this is a despicable individual. I am sorry I cannot be moderate about it...
— Bertrand RussellQuoted in The New York Times Biographical Service, Vol. I (1970), p. 294 (said by Russell "in the spring of 1967")
Use itGS4 on whistleblowing/conscience: refuse to be a silent witness to torture.
Government is not a machine, but a living thing. It falls, not under the theory of the universe, but under the theory of organic life. It is accountable to Darwin, not to Newton.
— Woodrow WilsonSection II: “What Is Progress?”, p. 47
Use itGS2: living constitution; government evolves organically.
A self-supporting and self-respecting democracy can plead no justification for the existence of child labor, no economic reason for chiseling workers' wages or stretching workers' hours.
— Franklin D. RooseveltMessage to Congress on establishing minimum wages and maximum hours (1937)
Use itGS2/GS1 on child labour and labour rights: no economic excuse justifies exploitation.
The need for government in these respects arises because absolute freedom is impossible. However attractive anarchy may be as a philosophy, it is not feasible in a world of imperfect men.
— Milton FriedmanCh. 2 The Role of Government in a Free Society, p. 25
Use itEssay on freedom: absolute freedom is impossible; need for reasonable restrictions.
We must ever judge each individual on his own conduct and merits, and not on his membership in any class, whether that class be based on theological, social, or industrial considerations.
— Theodore RooseveltCh. VI : The New York Police
Use itGS4 on impartiality: judge individuals on conduct, not caste, class or creed.
The reasons for legal intervention in favour of children, apply not less strongly to the case of those unfortunate slaves and victims of the most brutal part of mankind, the lower animals.
Use itGS4: legal protection for animals as vulnerable beings, like children.
The great need in the world today is for for nations to so define their national interest that it makes for greater harmony, greater equality and justice and greater stability in the world.
— Indira Gandhi1980 to Roy Jenkins <
Use itGS2 IR: define national interest to promote global harmony, equality and stability.
Forgiveness breaks the chain of causality because he who 'forgives' you — out of love — takes upon himself the consequences of what you have done. Forgiveness, therefore, always entails a sacrifice.
— Dag HammarskjöldEaster 1960
Use itGS4/Essay: forgiveness breaks cycles of revenge and always involves sacrifice.
Terrorism must be outlawed by all civilized nations — not explained or rationalized, but fought and eradicated. Nothing can, nothing will justify the murder of innocent people and helpless children.
— Elie WieselHope, Despair, and Memory (1986)
Use itGS3 on terrorism: never rationalise terror; nothing justifies murdering innocents.
Hereby it is manifest, that during the time men live without a common Power to keep them all in awe, they are in that conditions called Warre; and such a warre, as is of every man, against every man.
— Thomas HobbesThe First Part, Chapter 13, p. 62
Use itEssay on state's role: without common power, life is war of all against all.
For a successful revolution, it is not enough that there is enough discontent. What is required is a profound and thorough conviction of justice, necessity and importance of political and social rights.
— B. R. AmbedkarPolitical Science for Civil Services Main Examination (2010)
Use itGS1 on social movements: discontent alone fails; change needs conviction in justice and rights.
Many of the actions by which men have become rich are far more harmful to the community than the obscure crimes of poor men, yet they go unpunished because they do not interfere with the existing order.
— Bertrand RussellCh. V: Government and Law
Use itGS4/GS3 on white-collar crime: rich men's harmful acts go unpunished while poor men's petty crimes don't.
If they have real grievances redress them, if possible; or acknowledge the justice of them, and your inability to do it at the moment. If they have not, employ the force of government against them at once.
— George WashingtonLetter to Henry Lee (31 October 1786)
Use itGS3 internal security: address genuine grievances first; use force only against baseless violence.
To teach him betimes to love and be good-natur'd to others, is to lay early the true foundation of an honest man; all injustice generally springing from too great love of ourselves and too little of others.
Use itGS4: selfishness as root of injustice; empathy as foundation of honesty.
Freedom is the alone unoriginated birthright of man, and belongs to him by force of his humanity; and is independence on the will and co-action of every other in so far as this consists with every other person’s freedom.
— Immanuel KantImmanuel Kant, The Metaphysics of Ethics by Immanuel Kant, trans. J.W. Semple, ed. with Iintroduction by Rev. Henry Calderwood (Edinburgh: T
Use itGS2 on Article 21/19: freedom as birthright, limited by others' equal freedom.
None of us can say that had I been exposed to the same circumstances and conditions that I wouldn't have turned out the same way. Perpetrators don't have horns, don't have tails, they are as ordinary looking as you and I.
— Desmond TutuAs quoted in "The Go-Between" at BBC News (27 February 2006)
Use itGS4: perpetrators are ordinary people shaped by circumstance; humility in judging others.
No weapon has ever settled a moral problem. It can impose a solution but it cannot guarantee it to be a just one. You can wipe out your opponents. But if you do it unjustly you become eligible for being wiped out yourself.
— Ernest HemingwayIntroduction to Treasury for the Free World (1946)
Use itEssay on war: force imposes outcomes but cannot guarantee justice; argue for moral legitimacy.
We have to acknowledge that those past human right abuses existed and so we can't go forward without looking back, and understanding that was enormous problem, not just for America but also problem for the Indonesian people...
— Barack ObamaInterview with Putra Nababan in the White House (March 2010)
Use itEssay on historical justice: acknowledge past abuses before moving forward.
I swore never to be silent whenever and wherever human beings endure suffering and humiliation. We must always take sides. Neutrality helps the oppressor, never the victim. Silence encourages the tormentor, never the tormented.
— Elie WieselNobel acceptance speech (1986)
Use itGS4: never stay silent amid suffering; neutrality helps the oppressor.
Is there any need for further floods of agony? Is the only lesson of history to be that mankind is unteachable? Let there be justice, mercy and freedom. The people have only to will it, and all will achieve their hearts' desire.
— Winston ChurchillSpeech at Zurich University (September 19, 1946) (partial text) ()
Use itEssay: must history teach that mankind is unteachable? Call for justice and mercy.
To say that a husband 'raped' his wife was... illogical... As of 2006, there were still fifty-three countries where a husband could not be prosecuted for the rape of his wife... in Germany, rape laws were amended only in 1997...
— Yuval Noah HarariSapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (2011) / Chapter 8: "There Is No Justice in History"
Use itGS1/GS2 on marital rape exception; global laws changed only recently.
Throughout most of history, women were often seen as the property of family or community. Modern states, on the other hand, see women as individuals, enjoying ecconimic and legal rights independently of their family and community.
— Yuval Noah HarariSapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (2011) / Chapter 18: "The Permanent Revolution"
Use itGS1: modern state recognises women as individuals with independent rights.
In the United States of North America, every independent movement of the workers was paralysed so long as slavery disfigured a part of the Republic. Labour cannot emancipate itself in the white skin where in the black it is branded.
Use itEssay on solidarity: no group is free while another is oppressed.
If we say that we believe in democracy, if we say that the fabric of a democratic society is one which allows for the free play of idea...then, in the name of all the gods, give that free play a chance to work within the constitutional framework.
— Lee Kuan YewOpposition leader Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore Legislative Assembly (4 October 1956)
Use itGS2: free play of ideas within constitutional framework.
The more prohibitions that are imposed on people, The poorer the people become. The more laws and regulations that exist, The more thieves and brigands appear. The more laws and order are made prominent, the more thieves and robbers there will be.
— LaoziVariant translation: The more prohibitions there are, the poorer the people will be
Use itGS2: over-regulation breeds evasion; argue for minimum government, maximum governance.
I have always gone about this business on the basis that one cannot have a partnership unless there is equity among partners. Equity, of course, is historically a British concept, but I think that it is one that we bring to the [European] Community.
— Margaret ThatcherPrime Minister's Questions (3 December 1979)
Use itGS2 on international partnerships/federalism; partnership requires equity among partners.
But the fact that we can stand here today, along the fault line where a city was divided, speaks to an eternal truth: No wall can stand against the yearning of justice, the yearnings for freedom, the yearnings for peace that burns in the human heart.
— Barack ObamaBrandenburg Gate Speech (June 2013)
Use itEssay on freedom struggles: no wall can withstand the human yearning for justice and freedom.
Our democracy is being born in pain. A political culture is emerging — one that presupposes debate and pluralism, but also legal order and, if democracy is to work, strong government authority based on one law for all. This process is gaining strength.
— Mikhail GorbachevNobel Address (1991)
Use itGS2: democracy needs pluralism plus rule of law and one law for all.
The day may dawn when fair play, love for one's fellow men, respect for justice and freedom, will enable tormented generations to march forth triumphant from the hideous epoch in which we have to dwell. Meanwhile, never flinch, never weary, never despair.
— Winston ChurchillSpeech in the House of Commons (1 March 1955)
Use itEssay conclusion: never flinch, never weary, never despair.
There is merely bad luck in not being loved; there is misfortune in not loving. All of us, today, are dying of this misfortune. For violence and hatred dry up the heart itself; the long fight for justice exhausts the love that nevertheless gave birth to it.
— Albert CamusSummer (1954) / Return to Tipasa
Use itGS4/Essay: fighting for justice must not erode the love behind it.
Caste, religion, the political system, the economic system — all are helping the bonded labor owners … I believe in Gandhi’s philosophy of the last man, that is, the bonded laborer is the last man in Indian society, that we are here to liberate the last man.
— Kailash Satyarthi"Malala Yousafzai and Kailash Satyarthi Are Awarded Nobel Peace Prize" by Alan Cowell and Declan Walsh, in The New York Times (10 October 20
Use itGS2: bonded labour and Gandhi's last-man test; structures protecting exploiters.
In matters concerning truth and justice there can be no distinction between big problems and small; for the general principles which determine the conduct of men are indivisible. Whoever is careless with truth in small matters cannot be trusted in important affairs.
— Albert Einstein(1955) as quoted in Albert Einstein: Historical and Cultural Perspectives (1997) ed. , , p. 388, from The Centennial Symposium in Jerusalem
Use itGS4: integrity is indivisible; carelessness with small truths erodes trust.
A time will come when a politician who has willfully made war and promoted international dissension will be as sure of the dock and much surer of the noose than a private homicide. It is not reasonable that those who gamble with men's lives should not stake their own.
— H. G. WellsThe Salvaging of Civilization (1921)
Use itGS2: leaders who wage aggressive war should face trial; argue for ICC accountability.
It is impossible for a man who secretly violates the terms of the agreement not to harm or be harmed to feel confident that he will remain undiscovered, even if he has already escaped ten thousand times; for until his death he is never sure that he will not be detected. (35)
— EpicurusSovereign Maxims
Use itGS4: wrongdoers never feel secure from detection; honesty brings peace of mind.
Social and economic inequalities are to satisfy two conditions: first, they are to be attached to positions and offices open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity; and second, they are to be to the greatest benefit to the least-advantaged members of society.
Use itGS2: difference principle to justify reservations and pro-poor welfare.
Today, for the first time in our long and chequered history, we find the whole of this vast land... brought together under the jurisdiction of one constitution and one union which takes over responsibility for the welfare of more than 320 million men and women who inhabit it.
— Rajendra PrasadIn: BBC News:1950: India becomes a republic, BBC News, 26 January 2005
Use itGS2 on Constitution unifying India; one constitution and union for the whole land.
I have always thought that all men should be free; but if any should be slaves, it should be first those who desire it for themselves, and secondly, those who desire it for others. When I hear anyone arguing for slavery, I feel a strong impulse to see it tried on him personally.
— Abraham LincolnStatement to an Indiana Regiment passing through Washington (17 March 1865); The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln Volume VIII
Use itEssay on human rights; test any oppressive argument by applying it to its advocate.
The whole idea of revenge and punishment is a childish day-dream. Properly speaking, there is no such thing as revenge. Revenge is an act which you want to commit when you are powerless and because you are powerless: as soon as the sense of impotence is removed, the desire evaporates also.
— George Orwell"Revenge is Sour", Tribune (9 November 1945)
Use itGS4/GS2: argue reformative over retributive justice; revenge springs from powerlessness.
Over the years, Charlie [Munger, Berkshire Hathaway Vice Chairman] and I have observed many accounting-based frauds of staggering size. Few of the perpetrators have been punished; many have not even been censured. It has been far safer to steal large sums with pen than small sums with a gun.
— Warren Buffett1988 Chairman's Letter
Use itGS3/GS4 on white-collar crime; accounting frauds rarely punished compared to petty crimes.
As a movement we recognise the legitimacy of Palestinian nationalism just as we recognise the legitimacy of Zionism as a Jewish nationalism. We insist on the right of the state of Israel to exist within secure borders but with equal vigour support the Palestinian right to national self-determination.
— Nelson MandelaAddress to the 37th Congress of the South African Jewish Board of Deputies
Use itGS2: India-style balanced stance on Israel-Palestine — security and self-determination.
The Head of the State in the British Constitution is a Monarch and the Crown descends according to the rules of heredity. In India the Head of the State is an elected President who holds office for a term and can be removed for misconduct in accordance with the procedure laid down in the Constitution.
— Rajendra PrasadFrom his speech given on 28 November 1960 at laying the foundation-stone of the building of the Law Institute of India, in: p. 15
Use itGS2 polity: contrast hereditary British Crown with India's elected, removable President.
It is the fundamental duty of the citizen to resist and to restrain the violence of the state. Those who choose to disregard this responsibility can justly be accused of complicity in war crimes, which is itself designated as ‘a crime under international law’ in the principles of the Charter of Nuremberg.
— Noam ChomskyNoam Chomsky, in John Duffett International War Crimes Tribunal: Against the Crime of Silence: Proceedings. Simon and Schuster (1970). p. xx
Use itGS4: citizen's duty to resist state violence; complicity in wrongdoing.
There is always a certain glamour about the idea of a nation rising up to crush an evil simply because it is wrong. Unfortunately, this can seldom be realized in real life; for the very existence of the evil usually argues a moral weakness in the very place where extraordinary moral strength is called for.
— W. E. B. Du BoisThe Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America, 1638-1870 (1897), ch. XII: The Essentials in the Struggle, parag
Use itGS4/Essay: why social evils persist; their existence reflects collective moral weakness.
You assist an unjust administration most effectively by obeying its orders and decrees. An evil administration never deserves such allegiance. Allegiance to it means partaking of the evil. A good person will resist an evil system with his whole soul. Disobedience of the laws of an evil state is therefore a duty.
— Mahatma GandhiNon-Violent Resistance - Often misquoted as "You assist an evil system most effectively by obeying its orders and decrees. An evil system ne
Use itEssay on resisting unjust systems; obedience to evil administration is complicity.
An individual may perceive a way of life, or a method of social organisation, by which more of the desires of mankind could be satisfied than under the existing method. If he perceives truly, and can persuade men to adopt his reform, he is justified. Without rebellion, mankind would stagnate, and injustice would be irremediable.
— Bertrand RussellCh. 15: Power and moral codes
Use itEssay on dissent: without rebellion mankind stagnates and injustice persists.
Because we have sought to cover up past evil, though it still persists, we have been powerless to check the new evil of today. Evil unchecked grows, Evil tolerated poisons the whole system. And because we have tolerated our past and present evils, international affairs are poisoned and law and justice have disappeared from them.
— Jawaharlal NehruThe Unity of India : Collected Writings, 1937-1940 (1942), p. 280
Use itGS4: tolerated wrongdoing poisons the whole system—argue for zero tolerance.
Terrorism thrives on administrative violence and injustice; that is the only atmosphere in which it can thrive and grow. It sometimes follows the example of indiscriminate violence from above; it sometimes, though very rarely, sets it from below. But the power above which follows the example from below is on the way to committing suicide.
— Sri Aurobindo24 July 1909
Use itGS3 internal security: terrorism and extremism thrive on administrative injustice.

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