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Science, Technology & Innovation quotes for UPSC & State PCS

203 sourced quotes on science, technology, curiosity and innovation, each with a use case for GS4, Essay and interviews. Thinkers include Carl Sagan, Albert Einstein, Yuval Noah Harari, Stephen Hawking, Bertrand Russell, Francis Bacon.

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We need a science to save us from science.
— Bertrand RussellNY Times Magazine, as reported in High Points in the Work of the High Schools of New York City, Vol. 34 (1952), p. 46
Use itEssay on tech ethics/AI: we need a science to save us from science.
Science is the belief in the ignorance of experts.
— Richard Feynmanaddress "What is Science?", presented at the fifteenth annual meeting of the National Science Teachers Association, in New York City (1966),
Use itEssay on scientific method; science questions authority, even of experts.
The best antidote for pseudoscience, I firmly believe, is science.
— Carl SaganChapter 5, “Night Walkers and Mystery Mongers: Sense and Nonsense at the End of Science” (p. 75)
Use itGS3 on superstition and misinformation; spreading scientific temper (Art 51A(h)) is the cure.
If I have seen further it is by standing on ye sholders of Giants.
— Isaac NewtonLetter to Robert Hooke (15 February 1676) [dated as 5 February 1675 using the Julian calendar with March 25th rather than January 1st as New
Use itEssay on innovation; progress builds on predecessors' work—cumulative knowledge.
Every great advance in science has issued from a new audacity of imagination.
— John DeweyThe Quest for Certainty (1929), Ch. XI
Use itGS3/Essay on innovation; scientific breakthroughs need bold imagination.
Man is a tool-using animal...Without tools he is nothing, with tools he is all.
Use itEssay intro on technology: humans are nothing without tools, everything with them.
The whole of science is nothing more than a refinement of every day [sic] thinking.
— Albert Einstein"Physics and Reality" (as translated by Jean Piccard) in the Journal of the Franklin Institute Vol. 221, Issue 3 (March 1936), at p. 349
Use itEssay on scientific temper (Article 51A); science is refined everyday thinking.
Talent hits a target no one else can hit; genius hits a target no one else can see.
— Arthur SchopenhauerDas Talent gleicht dem Schützen, der ein Ziel trifft, welches die Uebrigen nicht erreichen können; das Genie dem, der eines trifft, bis zu w
Use itEssay on innovation; genius sees what others cannot.
To confine our attention to terrestrial matters would be to limit the human spirit.
— Stephen HawkingForeword to The Physics of Star Trek by Lawrence Krauss (2007), p. xiii
Use itGS3 on space programme: confining to Earth limits the human spirit.
Perfection of means and confusion of goals seem—in my opinion—to characterize our age.
— Albert Einstein"The Common Language of Science", a broadcast for Science, Conference, London, 28 September 1941. Published in Advancement of Science, Londo
Use itEssay on technology and purpose; advanced means, confused ends.
To understand God's thoughts we must study statistics, for these are the measure of His purpose.
— Florence NightingaleAs quoted in Chance Rules : An Informal Guide to Probability, Risk, and Statistics (1999) by Brian Everitt, p. 137
Use itGS2/GS3: support data-driven, evidence-based policymaking; statistics as a lens on purpose.
Advances in medicine and agriculture have saved vastly more lives than have been lost in all the wars in history.
— Carl SaganCh. 1 : The Most Precious Thing
Use itGS3 on science for development; medicine and agriculture saved more lives than wars took.
Most governments take advantage of their scientists and listen to them. They don't undermine them and attack them.
— Bill GatesAs quoted in "Bill Gates slams U.S. on Covid: Most governments listen to their scientists, not attack them" (14 October 2020)
Use itGS3 on evidence-based policy: governments should heed, not undermine, scientists.
If AI can suffer, then it is an ethical subject and it needs protection, it needs rights, just like humans and animals.
— Yuval Noah Harari"#390 - Yuval Noah Harari: Human Nature, Intelligence, Power, and Conspiracies" on Lex Fridman Podcast, found on DeepCast (17 July 2023)
Use itGS4/GS3 on AI ethics; if AI can suffer it needs rights.
To believe blindly is to degenerate the human soul. Be an atheist if you want, but do not believe in anything unquestioningly.
— Swami VivekanandaPearls of Wisdom
Use itEssay on rational inquiry: question everything; blind belief degrades the mind.
Sometimes when you innovate, you make mistakes. It is best to admit them quickly, and get on with improving your other innovations.
— Steve JobsQuoted in Steve Jobs, the Journey Is the Reward (1988) by Jeffrey S. Young
Use itGS4/GS3: admitting mistakes quickly in policy experiments; frame learning culture in innovation.
Experience never errs; it is only your judgments that err by promising themselves effects such as are not caused by your experiments.
— Leonardo da VinciThe Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci (1883) / XIX Philosophical Maxims. Morals. Polemics and Speculations
Use itEssay on evidence-based policy; errors lie in our judgments, not in observed data.
The wars fanned the wings of science, and science brought to mankind a thousand blessings, a thousand problems and a thousand perils.
— Winston ChurchillThis Age of Government by Great Dictators, News of the World, 10 October 1937
Use itEssay on dual-use tech; war-driven science brings blessings and perils.
What a computer is to me is it's the most remarkable tool that we have ever come up with. It's the equivalent of a bicycle for our minds.
— Steve JobsMemory and Imagination: New Pathways to the Library of Congress (1991); this has sometimes been paraphrased "Computers are like a bicycle fo
Use itEssay on technology empowering humans; computers as tools amplifying human capacity.
The time is always ripe for the re-interpretation of theories in the light of new vision and of new facts. This is the very province of science.
— Charles Darwinpage 13
Use itEssay on scientific progress; theories must be revised in light of new facts.
Where you have the will you have the skill; study, search, practice application; healthy irreverence; look for the kink in the thing, be curious.
— Verghese KurienHis views on his multi-skills in p. 168
Use itLife: will, study, practice, curiosity and healthy irreverence build skill.
Modern science has been a voyage into the unknown, with a lesson in humility waiting at every stop. Many passengers would rather have stayed home.
— Carl SaganPale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space (1994)
Use itEssay on science and humility; every discovery humbles human pride.
The torch that the Turkish nation holds in her hand and in her mind, while marching on the road of progress and civilisation, is positive sciences.
— Mustafa Kemal AtatürkSpeech on the tenth anniversary of the Republic, 1933
Use itEssay on scientific temper: science as the torch of progress (Art. 51A(h)).
The prediction I can make with the highest confidence is that the most amazing discoveries will be the ones we are not today wise enough to foresee.
— Carl SaganCited in Tim Flannery, Atmosphere of Hope. Solutions to the Climate Crisis, Penguin Books, 2015, pages 162
Use itEssay conclusion on innovation; the biggest discoveries are those we cannot yet imagine.
If Ganges water will reach your ancestors in heaven, why should the water I throw up not reach my fields in the Punjab, which are far less distant ?
— Guru NanakGuru Nanak Dev ji (1469 - 1539)
Use itGS1/Essay on Bhakti reformers: Guru Nanak's rational critique of ritual; scientific temper.
I think that it's important for scientists to explain their work, particularly in cosmology. This now answers many questions once asked of religion.
— Stephen HawkingAs quoted in "Return of the time lord" in The Guardian (27 September 2005)
Use itGS3: scientists must communicate their work; scientific temper (Art 51A).
We are just an advanced breed of monkeys on a minor planet of a very average star. But we can understand the Universe. That makes us something very special.
— Stephen HawkingDer Spiegel (17 October 1988)
Use itEssay on science: humans are insignificant yet special for understanding the cosmos.
Inventors and geniuses have almost always been looked on as no better than fools at the beginning of their career, and very frequently at the end of it also.
— Fyodor DostoyevskyPart 3, Chapter 1 (tr. Constance Garnett, 1913)
Use itEssay on innovation: pioneers are mocked first; encourage tolerance for unconventional ideas.
The idea of science as a method rather than as a body of knowledge is not widely appreciated outside of science, or indeed in some corridors inside of science.
— Carl SaganChapter 7, “Venus and Dr. Velikovsky” (p. 96)
Use itEssay on scientific temper: science is a way of thinking, not just a set of facts.
Any intelligent fool can make things bigger, more complex, and more violent. It takes a touch of genius—and a lot of courage to move in the opposite direction.
— E. F. Schumacher"Small is Beautiful", an essay, in The Radical Humanist, Vol. 37, No. 5 (August 1973), p. 22
Use itEssay on appropriate technology and simplicity; making things smaller and gentler takes genius.
I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my imagination. Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world.
— Albert EinsteinViereck interview (1929)
Use itEssay on innovation and education; prioritise imagination over rote learning.
One thing I have learned in a long life: that all our science, measured against reality, is primitive and childlike—and yet it is the most precious thing we have.
— Albert EinsteinLetter to Hans Muehsam (9 July 1951), Einstein Archives 38-408, quoted in The Ultimate Quotable Einstein (2010) by Alice Calaprice, p. 404
Use itEssay on science; humble about its limits yet valuing it supremely.
Arts and sciences are not cast in a mould, but are formed and perfected by degrees, by often handling and polishing, as bears leisurely lick their cubs into form.
— Michel de MontaigneBook II, Ch. 12. Apology for Raimond Sebond
Use itEssay on innovation: arts and sciences mature gradually through refinement.
The whole of science... is a self-correcting mechanism. ...[S]cientific journals publish ...corrections to previous publications.., to past mistakes or past lacuna.
— Yuval Noah HarariThe Collapse of Truth (Dec 11, 2025)
Use itEssay: science is a self-correcting mechanism that admits mistakes.
We are set irrevocably, I believe, on a path that will take us to the stars—unless in some monstrous capitulation to stupidity and greed, we destroy ourselves first.
— Carl SaganChapter 25, “The Amniotic Universe” (p. 368)
Use itEssay conclusion on technology and human future; greed and folly are the only barriers.
It would be an unsound fancy and self-contradictory to expect that things which have never yet been done can be done except by means which have never yet been tried.
— Francis BaconAphorism 6
Use itGS3/Essay on innovation: new results need untried methods; support experimentation in governance.
Those who fall in love with practice without science are like a sailor who enters a ship without a helm or a compass, and who never can be certain whither he is going.
— Leonardo da VinciThe Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci (1883) / XIX Philosophical Maxims. Morals. Polemics and Speculations
Use itGS3/Essay: practice without theory is directionless; argue for research-backed policy and innovation.
The means by which we live have outdistanced the ends for which we live. Our scientific power has outrun our spiritual power. We have guided missiles and misguided man.
— Martin Luther King Jr.Strength to Love, Chapter 7
Use itEssay on technology and ethics; guided missiles and misguided men.
The difficulty lies, not in the new ideas, but in escaping from the old ones, which ramify, for those brought up as most of us have been, into every corner of our minds.
Use itEssay on innovation/reform: real barrier is unlearning old mindsets.
Look at the resplendent colours on the soap bubbles! Why is the sea blue? What makes diamond glitter! Ask the right questions, and nature will open the doors to her secrets
— C. V. RamanOpening statement in page=xiii
Use itGS3/Essay on scientific temper; curiosity and right questions drive discovery.
The Scientific Revolution... has been above all a revolution of ignorance. The great discovery... was... that humans do not know the answers to their most important questions.
— Yuval Noah HarariSapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (2011) / Chapter 14: "The Discovery of Ignorance"
Use itEssay on science: acknowledging ignorance drove the Scientific Revolution.
Bad times have a scientific value. [...] We learn geology the morning after the earthquake, on ghastly diagrams of cloven mountains, upheaved plains, and the dry bed of the sea.
— Ralph Waldo EmersonConsiderations by the Way
Use itGS3 on disaster management; crises teach lessons—learn from each disaster.
But by far the greatest obstacle to the progress of science and to the undertaking of new tasks and provinces therein is found in this — that men despair and think things impossible.
— Francis BaconAphorism 92
Use itEssay: pessimism and despair, not difficulty, are the biggest barriers to progress.
A tool is not necessarily better because it is bigger. A tool is best if it does the job required with a minimum of effort, with a minimum of complexity, and with a minimum of power.
Use itGS3 on appropriate technology; best tools do the job with least complexity and power.
When sputnik and Apollo 11 fired the imagination... everyone began predicting that by the end of the century, people will be living... on Mars and Pluto. ...[N]obody foresaw the Internet.
— Yuval Noah HarariSapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (2011) / Chapter 20: "The end of Homo Sapiens"
Use itEssay on technology forecasting; the biggest change (Internet) was unforeseen.
But, suppose, besides, that the making of the new machinery affords employment to a greater number of mechanics, can that be called compensation to the carpet makers, thrown on the streets?
Use itGS3: automation/AI displaces workers; new jobs elsewhere don't compensate those lost.
You can hardly convince a man of an error in a lifetime, but must content yourself with the reflection that the progress of science is slow. If he is not convinced, his grandchildren may be.
— Henry David ThoreauA Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers (1849) / Sunday
Use itEssay on scientific temper; changing entrenched beliefs takes generations.
On the retail side, I particularly want to emphasize the use of the unique ID, Aadhaar, in building individual credit histories. This will be the foundation of a revolution in retail credit.
— Raghuram RajanOn Aadhaar, as quoted in "Raghuram Rajan's first speech as RBI governor", Firstpost (5 September 2013)
Use itGS3 on digital public infrastructure; Aadhaar enabling credit histories and financial inclusion.
Genius discovers a system; average talent stereotypes it till it is shattered by fresh genius. It is dangerous for an army to be led by veterans; for on the other side God may place Napoleon.
— Sri AurobindoThoughts and Aphorisms (1913) / Jnana
Use itEssay on innovation: genius creates systems; mediocrity ossifies them till disrupted.
Our inventions are wont to be pretty toys, which distract our attention from serious things. They are but improved means to an unimproved end, an end which it was already but too easy to arrive at.
Use itEssay on technology; gadgets improve means but not ends—need ethical purpose.
Adults are only less superstitious than children in proportion as they have more power over their environment. In predicaments where everyone is powerless (eg war, gambling) everyone is superstitious
— George OrwellNew Words (1940)
Use itEssay on superstition: helplessness breeds superstition; empowerment and education reduce it.
Money does not represent such a value as men have placed upon it. All my money has been invested into experiments with which I have made new discoveries enabling mankind to have a little easier life.
— Nikola TeslaAs quoted in Dragislav L. Petković, "A Visit to Nikola Tesla", Politika (April 1927); also in Margaret Cheney, Robert Uth, and Jim Glenn, Te
Use itEssay on innovation: money matters less than discoveries that ease human life.
And no matter how serious an environmental problem the automobile poses in today's big city, the horse was dirtier, smelled worse, killed and maimed more people, and congested the streets just as much.
Use itEssay on technology's costs; judge new tech against what it replaced, not against perfection.
I think computer viruses should count as life … I think it says something about human nature that the only form of life we have created so far is purely destructive. We've created life in our own image.
— Stephen HawkingSpeech at Macworld Expo in Boston, as quoted in The Daily News (4 August 1994). A nearly identical quote can be found at the end of the seco
Use itGS3 cybersecurity: humanity's first created life form, viruses, is destructive.
The search for patterns without critical analysis, and rigid skepticism without a search for patterns, are the antipodes of incomplete science. The effective pursuit of knowledge requires both functions.
— Carl SaganChapter 7, “Lovers and Madmen” (p. 192)
Use itEssay on scientific method; balance open-minded pattern-seeking with rigorous scepticism.
We live in a society absolutely dependent on science and technology and yet have cleverly arranged things so that almost no one understands science and technology. That's a clear prescription for disaster.
— Carl SaganBringing Science Down to Earth (1994), co-authored with Anne Kalosh, in Hemispheres (October 1994), p. 99; this is similar to statements eit
Use itGS3 on scientific literacy; a tech-dependent society that doesn't understand science invites disaster.
Time after time, history ran over the luddites and romanticists, those who sought to restore the old and delay the new. And every time, history did it with faster, more reliable and more advanced vehicles.
— Winston ChurchillOn the Luddites ; Vol II: The New World, p. 121
Use itEssay on technological disruption; history always overruns those resisting the new.
Now we are dealing with potentially superintelligent agents. Nobody has any experience with building a hybrid human AI society. We should be a lot more humble... We think we know how to build it! No we don't!
— Yuval Noah Harari"Next Phase of Intelligence" (Jan 21, 2026)
Use itGS3/Essay on AI governance; humility needed in building human-AI society.
People think it's this veneer — that the designers are handed this box and told, 'Make it look good!' That's not what we think design is. It's not just what it looks like and feels like. Design is how it works.
— Steve JobsAs quoted in The Guts of a New Machine (30 November 2003)
Use itGS3 on design thinking in public services: function matters more than appearance.
Science is international but its success is based on institutions, which are owned by nations. If therefore, we wish to promote culture we have to combine and to organize institutions with our own power and means.
— Albert EinsteinWhen asked the question, "Why a 'Jewish' University?" when Einstein was assisting Chaim Weizmann in fundraising for The Hebrew University of
Use itGS3 on R&D; science is universal but needs strong national institutions and funding.
I do not feel obliged to believe that the same God who has endowed us with senses, reason, and intellect has intended us to forgo their use and by some other means to give us knowledge which we can attain by them.
— Galileo GalileiLetter to the Grand Duchess Christina (1615)
Use itEssay on faith and reason: humans are meant to use reason and senses; scientific temper.
How many times it thundered before Franklin took the hint! How many apples fell on Newton's head before he took the hint! Nature is always hinting at us. It hints over and over again. And suddenly we take the hint.
— Robert FrostQuoted in Louis Untermeyer, Lives of the Poets: The Story of One Thousand Years of English and American Poetry (1959)
Use itEssay on discovery: nature keeps hinting until an observant mind takes the hint.
It is true that may hold in these things, which is the general root of superstition; namely, that men observe when things hit, and not when they miss; and commit to memory the one, and forget and pass over the other.
— Francis BaconSylva Sylvarum Century X (1627)
Use itEssay on scientific temper (Art 51A): superstition thrives on remembering hits and forgetting misses.
The world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history. The reason is not political or economic but technological — technologies that flowed directly from advances in basic science.
— Stephen HawkingFrom Hawking's article A Brief History of Relativity, in Time magazine (31 December 1999)
Use itEssay: technology from basic science, not politics, drove the last century's change.
First, you know, a new theory is attacked as absurd; then it is admitted to be true, but obvious and insignificant; finally it is seen to be so important that its adversaries claim that they themselves discovered it.
— William JamesLecture VI, Pragmatism's Conception of Truth
Use itEssay on innovation; new ideas pass from ridicule to acceptance to claimed ownership.
He who first shortened the labor of copyists by device of movable types was disbanding hired armies, and cashiering most kings and senates, and creating a whole new democratic world: he had invented the art of printing.
Use itEssay on technology and democracy: printing democratised knowledge and power.
Scientists... are not always aware of the political, economic and religious interests that control... money; many... act out of purely intellectual curiosity. ...[O]nly rarely do scientists dictate the scientific agenda.
— Yuval Noah HarariSapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (2011) / Chapter 14: "The Discovery of Ignorance"
Use itGS3: funders, not scientists, set the research agenda; politics of R&D.
Information is the oxygen of the modern age. It seeps through the walls topped by barbed wire, it wafts across the electrified borders. ... The Goliath of totalitarianism will be brought down by the David of the microchip.
— Ronald ReaganAs quoted in The Guardian [London] (14 June 1989)
Use itEssay on information revolution: technology undermining authoritarian control.
I agree, our trade should be fair and not just free. But the next wave of economic dislocations won't come from overseas. It will come from the relentless pace of automation that makes a lot of good, middle-class jobs obsolete.
— Barack ObamaFarewell Address (January 2017)
Use itGS3 on future of work: automation, not trade, threatens middle-class jobs.
There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet. Its hazards are hostile to us all. Its conquest deserves the best of all mankind, and its opportunity for peaceful cooperation many never come again.
— John F. KennedyRice University speech
Use itGS3 on space; outer space as domain for peaceful cooperation, not conflict.
Success in science and scientific work come not through the provision of unlimited or big resources, but in the wise and careful selection of problems and objectives. Above all, what is required is hard sustained work and dedication.
— Lal Bahadur ShastriScience and Technology
Use itGS3: R&D priorities; problem selection and dedication over big budgets.
The scientists from Franklin to Morse were clear thinkers and did not produce erroneous theories. The scientists of today think deeply instead of clearly. One must be sane to think clearly, but one can think deeply and be quite insane.
— Nikola Tesla"Radio Power Will Revolutionize the World" in Modern Mechanics and Inventions (July 1934)
Use itEssay: clear thinking over deep but confused thinking.
The artist may be well advised to keep his work to himself till it is completed, because no one can readily help him or advise him with it...but the scientist is wiser not to withhold a single finding or a single conjecture from publicity.
— Johann Wolfgang von GoetheEssay on Experimentation
Use itGS3 on open science; scientists should share findings publicly.
Innovation has nothing to do with how many R&D dollars you have. When Apple came up with the Mac, IBM was spending at least 100 times more on R&D. It's not about money. It's about the people you have, how you're led, and how much you get it.
— Steve JobsAs quoted in Fortune (9 November 1998); also quoted in "TIME digital 50" in TIME digital archive (1999)
Use itGS3 on R&D: innovation depends on people and leadership, not just spending.
If a superior alien civilisation sent us a text message saying, 'We'll arrive in a few decades', would we just reply, 'OK, call us when you get here, we'll leave the lights on'? Probably not, but this is more or less what has happened with AI.
— Stephen HawkingCh. 9 "Will artificial intelligence outsmart us?", pp. 188
Use itGS3 on AI governance: argue complacency toward AI risk is like ignoring a known arrival.
I wonder why some people tend to see science as something which takes man away from God. As I look at it, the path of science can always wind through the heart. For me, science has always been the path to spiritual enrichment and self-realisation.
Use itEssay on science and spirituality; argue they need not be opposed.
What counts is not what sounds plausible, not what we would like to believe, not what one or two witnesses claim, but only what is supported by hard evidence rigorously and skeptically examined. Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.
Use itEssay on misinformation/fake news; demand rigorous evidence, not plausibility or belief.
I believe that the advance of science depends upon the free competition of thought, and thus upon freedom, and that it must come to an end if freedom is destroyed (though it may well continue for some time in some fields, especially in technology).
— Karl PopperCh. 10 "Corroboration, or How a Theory Stands up to Tests", section 85: The Path of Science, p. 279, note 2
Use itEssay: science thrives on free competition of ideas.
This is an age that has produced floods of how-to-do-it books, and it is also an age of how-to-do-it science. It is, in other words, the age of technology, in which if we know how to do something, we do it without pausing to inquire whether we should.
— Rachel CarsonSpeech at Scripps College (June 1962)
Use itEssay on tech ethics (AI, gene editing): ask whether we should, not just whether we can.
Systems thinking is a framework for seeing interrelationships rather than things, for seeing patterns rather than static snapshots. It is a set of general principles spanning fields as diverse as physical and social sciences, engineering and management
Use itGS2/Essay: use systems thinking to see interrelationships in complex policy problems.
Science contributes moral as well as material blessings to the world. Its great moral contribution is objectivity, or the scientific point of view. This means doubting everything except facts; it means hewing to the facts, let the chips fall where they may.
Use itEssay on scientific temper; science's moral gift is objectivity.
Intelligence is definitely not something that is directed towards amplifying happiness. I would also emphasize the huge, huge difference between intelligence and consciousness, which many people, certainly in the tech industry and in the AI industry, tend to miss.
— Yuval Noah Harari"#390 - Yuval Noah Harari: Human Nature, Intelligence, Power, and Conspiracies" on Lex Fridman Podcast, found on DeepCast (17 July 2023)
Use itEssay on AI: intelligence differs from consciousness and doesn't ensure happiness.
The insight does not arise if we are not familiar with the facts of the case... The successful practice of intuition requires previous study and assimilation of a multitude of facts and laws. We may take it that great intuitions arise out of a matrix of rationality.
— Sarvepalli RadhakrishnanInternet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Use itEssay on innovation: breakthrough insights need deep prior study of facts.
Our national goals involve leap-frogging from a state of economic backwardness and social disabilities attempting to achieve in a few decades a change which has incidentally taken centuries in other countries and in other lands. This involves innovative at all levels.
— Vikram SarabhaiIn the post-Nehru era with his vision on “Television and Development” quoted in page xxv
Use itGS3/Essay: on leapfrogging development; innovation as India's shortcut past centuries-long industrialisation.
It is in the admission of ignorance and the admission of uncertainty that there is a hope for the continuous motion of human beings in some direction that doesn't get confined, permanently blocked, as it has so many times before in various periods in the history of man.
— Richard Feynmanlecture II: "The Uncertainty of Values"
Use itEssay on progress; admitting ignorance and uncertainty keeps humanity from dogmatic dead-ends.
The most essential characteristic of scientific technique is that it proceeds from experiment, not from tradition. The experimental habit of mind is a difficult one for most people to maintain; indeed, the science of one generation has already become the tradition of the next...
— Bertrand RussellThe Scientific Outlook (1931)
Use itEssay on scientific temper: science proceeds from experiment, not tradition.
Our aim as scientists is objective truth; more truth, more interesting truth, more intelligible truth. We cannot reasonably aim at certainty. Once we realize that human knowledge is fallible, we realize also that we can never be completely certain that we have not made a mistake.
— Karl PopperIn Search of a Better World (1984)
Use itEssay on scientific temper: knowledge is fallible; aim for truth, not certainty.
In the welter of conflicting fanaticisms, one of the few unifying forces is scientific truthfulness, by which I mean the habit of basing our beliefs upon observations and inferences as impersonal, and as much divested of local and temperamental bias, as is possible for human beings.
— Bertrand RussellChapter XXXI "The Philosophy of Logical Analysis"
Use itEssay on polarisation: scientific truthfulness, free of bias, unites amid fanaticism.
The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race. We cannot quite know what will happen if a machine exceeds our own intelligence, so we can't know if we'll be infinitely helped by it, or ignored by it and sidelined, or conceivably destroyed by it.
— Stephen HawkingBBC (2 December 2014)
Use itEssay on AI: superintelligence could help, sideline or destroy humanity.
As human soldiers and workers give way to algorithms, at least some elites may conclude that there is no point in providing improved or even standard levels of health for masses of useless poor people, and it is far more sensible to focus on upgrading a handful of superhumans beyond the norm.
— Yuval Noah HarariHomo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow (2016)
Use itEssay on AI and inequality; risk elites abandon welfare of the masses.
Writing is born as the maidservant of human consciousness, but is increasingly becoming its master. Our computers have trouble understanding how Homo sapiens talks, feels and dreams. So we are teaching Homo sapiens to talk, feel and dream in the language of numbers, which can be understood by computers.
— Yuval Noah HarariSapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (2011) / Chapter 7: "Memory Overloaded"
Use itEssay on datafication; humans adapting to machines rather than vice versa.
The mind is sharper and keener in seclusion and uninterrupted solitude. No big laboratory is needed in which to think. Originality thrives in seclusion free of outside influences beating upon us to cripple the creative mind. Be alone, that is the secret of invention; be alone, that is when ideas are born.
— Nikola Tesla"An Inventor's Seasoned Ideas", The New York Times (8 April 1934)
Use itEssay on creativity: solitude fosters originality and invention.
One of the wonderful things about the information highway is that virtual equity is far easier to achieve than real-world equity...We are all created equal in the virtual world and we can use this equality to help address some of the sociological problems that society has yet to solve in the physical world,
— Bill GatesThe Road Ahead (1995)
Use itEssay on digital inclusion: the virtual world can deliver equity the physical world hasn't.
The most important, the most fundamental and the deepest investigations are those that affect human life and activities most profoundly. Only those scientists who have laboured, not with the aim of producing this or that, but with the sole desire to advance knowledge ultimately prove to be the greatest benefactors of humanity.
Use itGS3: defend basic/fundamental research funding over narrow applied goals.
The construction of hypotheses is a creative act of inspiration, intuition, invention; its essence is the vision of something new in familiar material. The process must be discussed in psychological, not logical, categories; studied in autobiographies and biographies, not treatises on scientific method; and promoted by maxim and example, not syllogism or theorem.
— Milton Friedman"The Methodology of Positive Economics" (1953)
Use itEssay on innovation: hypotheses are creative acts of inspiration, not just logic.
Progress lies not in enhancing what is, but in advancing toward what will be.
— Kahlil GibranA Handful of Sand on the Shore, as quoted in Alterquest: the Alternative Quest for Answers (2006) by Karen Fiala, p. 127
Use itEssay on progress: true progress is moving toward the future, not polishing the present.
The least initial deviation from the truth is multiplied later a thousandfold.
— AristotleI.5. 271b8-10. This line begins the Prologue of Mortimer J. Adler’s book, Ten Philosophical Mistakes
Use itEssay/GS4: small early errors magnify; get foundations right.
You‘ve got to start with the customer experience and work backwards to the technology.
— Steve JobsMay 1997, World Wide Developers Conference (online video)52:15/52:22
Use itGS2 e-governance: design services from citizen experience backward, not technology forward.
My success will not depend on what A or B thinks of me. My success will be what I make of my work.
— Homi J. Bhabha
Use itInterview: success measured by quality of work, not others' opinions (Bhabha).
What I cannot create, I do not understand. ...Know how to solve every problem that has been solved.
— Richard Feynmanon his blackboard at the time of death in February 1988. Ref: California Institute of Technology Archives and Special Collections. Accessed
Use itLife/Essay on deep learning: true understanding means being able to build it yourself.
Nothing is infallible. Nothing is binding forever. Everything is Subject to inquiry and examination.
— B. R. AmbedkarB. R. Ambedkar quoted from Indigenous Indians, Elst K. , 1993:390
Use itEssay on scientific temper: nothing infallible; everything open to inquiry.
Superstition is marked not by its pretension to a body of knowledge but by its method of seeking truth.
— Carl SaganThe Varieties of Scientific Experience: A Personal View of the Search for God (2006)
Use itEssay on superstition vs science; method of seeking truth separates them.
I believe that only in that atmosphere of intellectual freedom can we solve the problems before us now.
— Rachel Carson"Man Against Himself" (1963) in Rachel Carson: Silent Spring & Other Writings on the Environment
Use itEssay on academic freedom; only intellectual freedom can solve modern problems.
Every new set of discoveries raises a host of questions which we were never before wise enough even to ask.
— Carl SaganChapter 10, “The Sun’s Family” (p. 183)
Use itEssay on knowledge: every discovery opens new questions, so learning never ends.
I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones.
— Albert EinsteinInterview with Alfred Werner, Liberal Judaism 16 (April-May 1949), Einstein Archive 30-1104, as sourced in The New Quotable Einstein by Alic
Use itEssay conclusion on nuclear war; another world war could destroy civilisation.
There is no use of simply acquiring titles or amassing wealth if one has no self-respect and scientific knowledge.
— Periyar E. V. RamasamyQuoted in “Collected works of Periyar E.V.R.” p. 511
Use itEssay on true worth; titles and wealth are hollow without self-respect and scientific temper.
In order to seek truth, it is necessary once in the course of our life, to doubt, as far as possible, of all things.
— René Descartes{{cite book
Use itEssay on scientific temper; doubt everything once to seek truth.
New opinions are always suspected, and usually opposed, without any other reason but because they are not already common.
— John LockeDedicatory epistle, as quoted in
Use itEssay on innovation; new ideas are opposed merely for being uncommon.
I am convinced that everything has come down to us from the banks of the Ganges, — astronomy, astrology, metempsychosis, etc.
Use itGS1/Essay on India's knowledge heritage; Voltaire credited the Ganges for astronomy and ideas.
Physiological experiment on animals is justifiable for real investigation; but not for mere damnable and detestable curiosity.
— Charles Darwinletter to E. Ray Lankester, quoted in his essay "Charles Robert Darwin" in C.D. Warner, editor, Library of the World's Best Literature: Anci
Use itGS4 case study on animal testing; justified only for genuine research, never mere curiosity.
Every start upon an untrodden path is a venture which only in unusual circumstances looks sensible and likely to be successful.
— Albert SchweitzerCh. 9 : I Resolve to Become a Jungle Doctor
Use itEssay on innovation/startups; new paths always look risky at the start.
If there is anything in the world that can really be called a man’s property, it is surely that which is the result of his mental activity.
— Arthur SchopenhauerUnverified attribution noted in Respectfully Quoted: A Dictionary of Quotations (1993), ed. Suzy Platt, Library of Congress, p. 227
Use itGS3 on intellectual property rights; mental creations as one's truest property.
We cannot escape the prospect of nuclear war unless we all commit to stopping the spread of nuclear weapons and pursuing a world without them.
— Barack ObamaUnited Nations Address (September 2016)
Use itGS2 on NPT/disarmament: escaping nuclear war needs non-proliferation and a world without nukes.
Here the ways of men part: if you wish to strive for peace of soul and pleasure, then believe; if you wish to be a devotee of truth, then inquire.
— Friedrich NietzscheLetter to Elisabeth Nietzsche, Bonn, 1865-06-11, quoted as epigraph in Walter Kaufmann, The Faith of a Heretic (1961)
Use itEssay on faith vs reason: comfort comes from belief, truth from inquiry.
The greatest service which can be rendered any country is to add an useful plant to its culture; especially, a bread grain; next in value to bread is oil.
— Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson, In Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies from the Papers of T. Jefferson (1829), Vol. 1, 144
Use itGS3 on agri-research: adding a useful crop is the greatest service to a nation.
So next time someone complains that you have made a mistake, tell him that may be a good thing. Because without imperfection, neither you nor I would exist.
— Stephen HawkingInto The Universe with Stephen Hawking (2010)
Use itLife: mistakes and imperfection are part of existence and growth.
Every kid starts out as a natural-born scientist, and then we beat it out of them. A few trickle through the system with their wonder and enthusiasm for science intact.
— Carl Sagan{{citation
Use itGS2 on education reform; rote schooling kills children's natural curiosity.
Whenever a theory appears to you as the only possible one, take this as a sign that you have neither understood the theory nor the problem which it was intended to solve.
— Karl PopperObjective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach (1972)
Use itInterview: beware certainty; one 'only possible' answer signals poor understanding.
All exact science is dominated by the idea of approximation. When a man tells you that he knows the exact truth about anything, you are safe in inferring that he is an inexact man.
— Bertrand RussellThe Scientific Outlook (1931), Part I, chapter II, "Characteristics of the Scientific Method"
Use itEssay on certainty: claims of exact truth signal an inexact person.
What we must learn to do is to create unbreakable bonds between the sciences and the humanities. We cannot procrastinate. The world of the future is in our making. Tomorrow is now.
Use itEssay/GS2 on NEP: bridge sciences and humanities; act now for the future.
If an ant seeks the rank of Solomon, don't smile contemptuously upon its quest. Everything you possess of skill, and wealth and handicraft, wasn't it first merely a thought and a quest?
— RumiIII, 1445-49 (tr. Helminski, 1996)
Use itEssay on aspiration: never mock humble ambitions; every achievement begins as an idea.
When it comes to climate change, I know innovation isn’t the only thing we need. But we cannot keep the earth livable without it. Techno-fixes are not sufficient, but they are necessary.
— Bill GatesFrom "Introduction: 51 Billion to Zero," page 14
Use itGS3 on climate action: techno-fixes are not sufficient, but necessary.
I have deeply regretted that I did not proceed far enough at least to understand something of the great leading principles of mathematics, for men thus endowed seem to have an extra sense.
— Charles Darwinvolume I, chapter II: "Autobiography", page 46
Use itEssay on foundational learning; mathematical understanding gives an extra way of seeing.
When one has weighed the sun in the balance, and measured the steps of the moon, and mapped out the seven heavens, there still remains oneself. Who can calculate the orbit of his own soul?
— Oscar WildeDe Profundis (1897)
Use itEssay on science vs self-knowledge; scientific mastery still leaves the inner self uncharted.
In the judgment of the most competent living mathematicians, Fräulein Noether was the most significant creative mathematical genius thus far produced since the higher education of women began.
— Albert EinsteinObituary for Emmy Noether (1935)
Use itEssay on women in STEM; Emmy Noether as a towering creative genius.
The most important thing I found out from [my father] is that if you asked any question and pursued it deeply enough, then at the end there was a glorious discovery of a general and beautiful kind.
Use itLife/Essay on curiosity: pursue any question deeply enough for a beautiful discovery.
I made one great mistake in my life—when I signed the letter to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made; but there was some justification—the danger that the Germans would make them.
— Albert EinsteinRecorded by Linus Pauling, "Note to Self regarding a meeting with Albert Einstein. November 16, 1954"
Use itGS4 on ethics of scientists; regret over enabling nuclear weapons.
I believe that a scientist looking at nonscientific problems is just as dumb as the next guy — and when he talks about a nonscientific matter, he will sound as naive as anyone untrained in the matter.
— Richard FeynmanThe Value of Science (1955)
Use itEssay on limits of expertise; experts outside their field are as naive as anyone.
If thou wouldst have humanity advance, buffet all preconceived ideas. Thought thus smitten awakes and becomes creative. Otherwise it rests in a mechanical repetition and mistakes that for its right activity.
— Sri AurobindoThoughts and Glimpses (1916-17)
Use itEssay on critical thinking: challenge preconceived ideas to awaken creativity.
As long as weapons of mass destruction exist, primarily nuclear weapons, the danger is colossal. All nations should declare... that nuclear weapons must be destroyed. This is to save ourselves and our planet.
— Mikhail GorbachevQuoted in https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-50265870/mikhail-gorbachev-tells-the-bbc-world-in-colossal-danger Mikhail Gorbachev tells
Use itGS2/3: case for nuclear disarmament and WMD elimination.
Education, for most people, means trying to lead the child to resemble the typical adult of his society... But for me, education means making creators... You have to make inventors, innovators, not conformists.
— Jean PiagetConversations with Jean Piaget (1980) by Jean Claude Bringuier
Use itEssay/GS2 on NEP: education should create innovators, not conformists.
Freedom is the right to question and change the established way of doing things. It is the continuous revolution of the marketplace. It is the understanding that allows to recognize shortcomings and seek solutions.
— Ronald ReaganMoscow State University (31 May 1988)
Use itEssay on freedom and innovation: liberty as the right to question established ways.
In our reasonings concerning matter of fact, there are all imaginable degrees of assurance, from the highest certainty to the lowest species of moral evidence. A wise man, therefore, proportions his belief to the evidence.
— David HumeSection X: Of Miracles; Part I. 87
Use itEssay/GS4: a wise person proportions belief to evidence.
Human knowledge and human power meet in one; for where the cause is not known the effect cannot be produced. Nature to be commanded must be obeyed; and that which in contemplation is as the cause is in operation as the rule.
— Francis BaconAphorism 3
Use itEssay on sustainable development: to harness nature we must respect and follow its laws.
The accident at Chernobyl showed again what an abyss will open if nuclear war befalls mankind. For inherent in the nuclear arsenals stockpiled are thousands upon thousands of disasters far more horrible than the Chernobyl one.
— Mikhail GorbachevSpeech on the Chernobyl accident (15 May 1986)
Use itGS3/Essay on nuclear disarmament: Chernobyl as a glimpse of nuclear war.
Democracy is a conversation. ...Imagine a large group of people... and... a group of robots... start talking... loudly.., emotionally and persuasively, and you can't tell who is a human... That is... what we are now living through.
— Yuval Noah HarariThe Collapse of Truth (Dec 11, 2025)
Use itEssay on AI and democracy; bots distort democratic conversation.
Usually, if you see the environment destroyed, it’s not because that's necessary for development. It's usually because we're being lazy, and we're not being as creative as we could be about how to do it in a smarter, sustainable way.
— Barack ObamaRemarks by President Obama at YSEALI Town Hall (7 September 2016)
Use itEssay on development vs environment: destruction stems from laziness, not necessity.
His vision was to industrialize India, to urbanize India, and in the process he hoped that we would create a new society -- more rational, more humane, less ridden by caste and religious sentiments. That was the grand vision that Nehru had.
— Manmohan SinghOn Jawaharlal Nehru, as quoted in "Commanding Heights: Manmohan Singh", PBS (6 February 2001)
Use itGS1 on Nehruvian vision; industrialisation to build a rational, less caste-ridden society.
The three great things that govern mankind are reason, passion and superstition. The first governs a few, the two last share the bulk of mankind and possess them in their turns. But superstition most powerfully produces the greatest mischief.
— John LockeJournal entry (16 May 1681), quoted in Maurice Cranston, John Locke: A Biography (1957; 1985), p. 200
Use itEssay on scientific temper; superstition causes the greatest mischief.
Part of what happened is that whole ecosystem moved onto social media. And once it's on social media and it's on an algorithm, and everybody's just getting their news selected, essentially to suit their biases. Penetrating that is real tough. It is very hard.
— Barack Obama"3 Presidents" on SmartLess, found on DeepCast (29 April 2024)
Use itGS3 on social media: algorithms feed news to suit biases, creating echo chambers.
Service of the people by sciences and arts will only exist when men live with the people and as the people live, and without presenting any claims will offer their scientific and artistic services, which the people will be free to accept or decline as they please.
— Leo TolstoyWhat then must we do? (1886)
Use itGS4: serve people by living among them; humble, grounded public service.
I know it's hard to understand, but sometimes painful things like this happen. It's all of the process of exploration and discovery. It's all part of taking a chance and expanding man's horizons. The future doesn't belong to the faint-hearted. It belongs to the brave.
— Ronald ReaganAs quoted in Who was Ronald Reagan? (2004), by Joyce Milton, p. 85
Use itEssay on risk and exploration; setbacks in space missions are part of progress.
I wish to propose for the reader's favourable consideration a doctrine which may, I fear, appear wildly paradoxical and subversive. The doctrine in question is this: that it is undesirable to believe a proposition when there is no ground whatever for supposing it true.
— Bertrand RussellCh. 1: The Value of Scepticism
Use itEssay on misinformation: don't believe a claim without grounds for its truth.
If we are willing to make such efforts in order to understand foreign cultures, unknown species and distant planets, it might be worth working just as hard in order to understand our own minds. And we had better understand our minds before the algorithms make our minds up for us.
— Yuval Noah Harari21 Lessons for the 21st Century (2018)
Use itEssay on AI: know yourself before algorithms decide for you.
The Hindu religion is the only one of the world’s great faiths dedicated to the idea that the cosmos itself undergoes an immense and indeed an infinite number of deaths and rebirths. It is the only religion in which the time scales correspond […] to those of modern scientific cosmology.
— Carl SaganSagan, Carl. Cosmos. New York: Random House, 1980. quoted in : Bhaskar Kamble, The Imperishable Seed: How Hindu Mathematics Changed the Worl
Use itGS1/Interview on Indian knowledge systems; Hindu cosmic time scales resemble modern cosmology.
The truth is that disposal has proceeded far more rapidly than our knowledge justifies. To dispose first and investigate later is an invitation to disaster, for once radioactive elements have been deposited at sea they are irretrievable. The mistakes that are made now are made for all time.
— Rachel CarsonThe Sea Around Us (1951)
Use itGS3 on precautionary principle; 'dispose first, investigate later' invites irreversible disaster.
A spider conducts operations that resemble those of a weaver, and a bee puts to shame many an architect in the construction of her cells. But what distinguishes the worst of architects from the best of bees is this, that the architect raises his structure in imagination before he erects it in reality.
Use itEssay on imagination: humans design in the mind first; vision precedes creation.
We cannot say much about human affairs with any confidence, but sometimes it is possible. We can, for example, be fairly confident that either there will be a world without war, or there won't be a world—at least, a world inhabited by creatures other than bacteria and beetles, with some scattering of others.
— Noam ChomskyTalk titled "A World Without War" at the 2nd World Social Forum, in Porto Alegre, Brazil, January 31, 2002
Use itEssay on nuclear age: either a world without war or no world.
In the days before machinery men and women who wanted to amuse themselves were compelled, in their humble way, to be artists. Now they sit still and permit professionals to entertain them by the aid of machinery. It is difficult to believe that general artistic culture can flourish in this atmosphere of passivity.
— Aldous HuxleyThe Doors of Perception (1954)
Use itEssay on screen culture; passive entertainment weakens participatory art.
I wonder whether any other generation has seen such astounding revolutions of data and values as those through which we have lived. Scarcely anything material or established which I was brought up to believe was permanent and vital, has lasted. Everything I was sure or taught to be sure was impossible, has happened.
— Winston ChurchillChapter 5 (The Fourth Hussars)
Use itEssay on rapid change; the impossible becomes reality within a lifetime.
If science proves some belief of Buddhism wrong, then Buddhism will have to change. In my view, science and Buddhism share a search for the truth and for understanding reality. By learning from science about aspects of reality where its understanding may be more advanced, I believe that Buddhism enriches its own worldview.
— Dalai Lama (14th)The New York Times (12 November 2005)
Use itEssay on science and religion; faith should update when science disproves it.

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